<p>The East River Road Historic District is a historic district located along East River Road near the Grosse Ile Parkway in Grosse Ile, Michigan. The district includes eleven structures, including seven houses, two outbuildings, St. James Episcopal Church, and the Michigan Central Railroad depot. The district stretches from St. James Episcopal Church on the south to Littlecote on the north.</p><br>
<h2>Houses</h2><br>
<p>The East River Road Historic District contains several homes built between 1840 and 1870, many of them by Gordon W. Lloyd.</p><br>
<p>The houses in the district are all situated along East River Road facing the Detroit River with pleasant views and large yards. They are primarily Gothic Revival and Swiss Chalet in style, of both limestone and wood, and heavily ornamented with gingerbreading.</p><br>
<p>These homes were built for Detroits affluent families, who sought clean and peaceful locations to spend the summer out of the unhealthy city atmosphere. Lloyds Gothic Revival designs contributes to the ambience of the island, making it an attractive location for many of Detroit&#39;s most prominent 19th century families. The residents and architects who built these houses were strongly influenced by Andrew Jackson Downing and his publications Cottage Residences and The Architecture of Country Houses.</p><br>
<p>Among these houses are:</p><br>
<h3>Dallas Norvell House</h3><br>
<p>This house was constructed of native stone from the quarry on Grosse Ile in 1851 for Dallas Norvell,</p><br>
<h3>Samuel T. Douglass House</h3><br>
<p>The Samuel T. Douglass House, also known as "Littlecote," was built in 1859 for Judge Samuel T Douglass and his wife Elizabeth Campbell Douglass. It is a Gothic Revival cottage designed by Gordon W. Lloyd. The house is constructed of grey stone, and has an ornamental chimney, intersecting gables with pierced bargeboards, numerous porches, and an oriel window.</p><br>
<h3>Anthony Dudgeon House</h3><br>
<p>The Anthony Dudgeon House was built in 1859. It is a Gothic Revival structure designed by Gordon W. Lloyd. Shipping tycoon William Livingstone also lived in this house, calling it "Rio Vista."</p><br>
<h3>Samuel Lewis House</h3><br>
<p>This house was built in 1859 for Samuel Lewis, a prominent Detroit banker. It is one of Michigan&#39;s finest examples of a Gothic Revival villa. The house is built of brick with a wooden board and batten veneer exterior. It has an ornamental chimney, intersecting decorative bargeboards, and a large veranda. Formerly known as "The Lilacs" due to a lilac hedge on the property, it is now known as "the Wedding Cake House." After Lewis, Detroit mayor Kirkland C. Barker lived in the house, after which it passed to Frank Osburn. The house has never been remodeled.</p><br>
<h3>Frederick Anderson House</h3><br>
<p>This house was built in 1881 for Dr. Frederick Pope Anderson and his wife Mary Campbell Douglass (the daughter of Samuel T Douglass). It is a stick-style Victorian house, and boasts a secret passage and hidden bedroom.</p><br>
<h2>St. James Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church was constructed primarily with funds willed for the purpose by Lisette Denison Forth, a former slave. Forth had worked for some time in the household of Detroit mayor John Biddle and become friends with Biddle&#39;s wife Eliza. When Lisette Forth died, she left the bulk of her estate, some $3000, to build a church.</p><br>
<p>The resulting church is a front-gable, Carpenter Gothic frame structure. In the years since its construction, the church has undergone several repairs and had multiple additions, but the main structure remains substantially original and in excellent condition. The red doors of the structure are dedicated to the memory and benevolence of Lisette Denison Forth.</p><br>
<h2>Michigan Central Railroad Depot</h2><br>
<p>In 1873, Canada Southern Railway established a freight system across Grosse Ile, ferrying goods and passengers from nearby Amherstburg, Ontario to Stony Island, then transporting them via rail across Grosse Ile along a track laid where the present-day Grosse Ile Parkway runs and thence to the mainland. Canada Southern built a passenger station and other facilities on Grosse Ile, on land purchased from the widow of Senator John Norvell, Isabella Hodgkiss Freeman Norvell and her son Dallas Norvell. However, the railroad soon ran into financial difficulties, and about 1880 the Michigan Central Railroad purchased Canada Southern. Michigan Central already operated a ferry service in Detroit, and phased out the operation in Grosse Ile. However, the population of affluent residents on Grosse Ile was growing, and the railroad expanded its passenger service, running as many as three round trips form Detroit to Grosse Ile.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, the Michigan Central Railroad constructed this depot to replace the earlier frame structure. The depot is built of yellow brick with contrasting base, window surrounds, and quoins made of red brick. The depot has been used since 1967 by the Grosse Ile historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The location of the station is cited upon land originally belonging to Isabella Hodgkiss Norvell, wife of US Senator John Norvell of Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>USA Customs House</h2><br>
<p>The Customs House was built in 1871 at what is now 7799 Macomb Street to service the ferry and freight line being constructed by Canada Southern Railway. With the stopage of freight traffic, the customs house closed in 1883. The building later served as Grosse Ile&#39;s first post office, and in 1904 it was converted to a private house. In 1979, it was restored and moved to its present location behind the depot. The Customs House was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982, and the building is currently used by the Grosse Ile Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Kittorsaq Island  is an uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. It is located in the northern part of Upernavik Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kittorsaq Island is located in the north-central part of Upernavik Archipelago, in the group between Kangerlussuaq Icefjord in the south, and Nuussuaq Peninsula in the north. Together with Qullikorsuit Island, it defines the southern boundary of the Sugar Loaf Bay.</p><br>
<p>The waters around the island are those of Baffin Bay in the west and south, and Sugar Loaf Bay in the north. The only other island in the vicinity of Kittorsaq is a much larger Qullikorsuit Island, from which it is separated by a narrow strait near the mouth of the Nasaussap Saqqaa fjord.</p><br>
<p>The island is hilly, but not mountainous, due to its narrowness and wormlike shape. The highest point is an unnamed hill of 151 m. The island is sometimes used as a stopover on the marine route from Nuussuaq to Tasiusaq, and further south to Upernavik.</p><br>
<p>The Penang Masonic Temple is an historic Masonic building located at 136 Jalan Utama , corner of Jalan Brown , in the former city of George Town on Penang Island in the state of Penang, Malaysia. In 1924, The Royal Prince of Wales Lodge No. 1555, United Grand Lodge of England, and Lodge Scotia No. 1003, Grand Lodge of Scotland, each of which had its own meeting hall, agreed to build the Penang Masonic Temple at its current site to serve their own needs as well as those of other Masonic bodies in the area. A limited company was formed, with each lodge controlling half, to buy the property, construct the building and own and maintain it thereafter. The land was acquired in 1926 and the foundation was laid on 17 December 1927 Designed by architect Howard Leicester in the Art Deco style of architecture, the building was built by contractor Lee Ghee Sok.</p><br>
<p>Today it is considered a heritage site and its white exterior is painted white with some of its Art Deco details are painted blue. It is still used by the founding lodges for their meetings and is also utilised by 7 other Masonic bodies of either English or Scottish jurisdiction, which pay rent for its use.</p><br>
<p>The name "Pythagoras Lodge No. 14, Free and Accepted Masons" is used by the National Register of Historic Places when referring to a historic building located in Decatur, Georgia. The building is also known as Pythagoras Masonic Temple and occasionally known as Decatur Masonic Temple. Built in 1924, the building is a work of William J. Sayward , an architect who was a member of the Masonic lodge, and who partnered with William A. Edwards in the firm Edwards and Sayward. It was designed and built in Beaux Arts architecture style.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed as a Masonic hall by Pythagoras Lodge No. 41, Free and Accepted Masons, one of several Masonic Lodges which meet in Decatur. The Lodge received its charter in 1844, and has functioned continuously since then.</p><br>
<p>Pythagoras Lodge No. 41 - Image 02.jpg</p><br>
<p>Pythagoras Lodge No. 41 - Image 03.jpg</p><br>
<p>Pythagoras Lodge No. 41 - Image 04.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Hailey Masonic Lodge refers to a local Masonic Lodge and to its historic building, which was built in 1937 in Hailey, Idaho. The building has served as a meeting hall since 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>"The National Register designation was awarded for the building&#39;s sustained use as a gathering place for leaders of the community, as well as for its architectural significance."</p><br>
<p>The building is a one-story brick building "covered in red brick brought from Salt Lake City. An arched medallion with the Masonic square and compass is centered over the double-door entryway." The interior includes a dais, a podium, a kneeler and other accoutrements. It includes 20 portraits of past Lodge Masters. The property includes two spruce trees flanking the front entranceway, and, along Bullion Street, mature maple trees.</p><br>
<p>While the term "Masonic lodge" often refers to a chapter of Freemasons, the term is also often used to refer to a chapters building. The Hailey Masonic Lodge, as a chapter, known also as Hailey Lodge No. 16, was formed as the Grand Lodge of Idahos 16th official Masonic chapter in 1884. It grew from 11 men to a peak of 225 during World War I or II. Its first hall was destroyed in 1889 in a fire that burned most of Hailey. Its second hall was also destroyed by fire, in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The current hall was built in 1937 by John M. (Jack) Rutter, a Mason originally from England, who also built many other Hailey buildings including "The Liberty Theatre, Rialto Hotel, Guyer Hot Springs hotel and pool, St. Thomas Episcopal Church, St. Charles Parish Hall, the Christiana Club, Blaine Manor and Hailey Medical Center, the Harris Block furniture store and apartments and even Hailey’s city water system" over a 70 year career.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain House is a historic Gothic Revival house in western Chillicothe, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>The two-story Mountain House mixes various architectural styles and materials. Although it is primarily a Gothic Revival structure, with details such as Gothic arches for windows and doors, it also includes a significant number of Romanesque Revival elements. and the interior may be accessed through large wooden doors.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Mountain House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for this distinction both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its connection to Hunter, who was seen as a significant person in local history. Today, the house remains in use as the offices of the Mountain House Press.</p><br>
<p>The Fra Cristobal Range,  is a 17 mi  long, mountain range in central-north Sierra County, New Mexico. The range borders the eastern shore of Elephant Butte Reservoir on the Rio Grande, and the range lies towards the southwest of the Jornada del Muerto, the desert region east of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fra Cristobal Range is an arid, moderate elevation, north-south trending mountain range, about 17 mi long and narrow, only about 7 mi at its widest. Crater Hill, 5,087 ft lies west of the central ridgeline, and north of Black Bluffs, Red Cliff at the Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range, Fra Cristobal Mountain, 6,003 ft, is at the north perimeter of the range. It is located at 33.47007&deg;N latitude, 107.098641&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Canal Warehouse is a historic warehouse at the intersection of Main and Mulberry Streets in downtown Chillicothe, Ohio, United States. Built in 1830,</p><br>
<p>After it ceased to operate as a canalside warehouse, the building was converted into a clubhouse for the local post of the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Today, the warehouse has been recognized as a leading example of canal-related architecture; few warehouses built for the Ohio and Erie Canal survive in comparable condition. In recognition of its place in local transportation history, the Canal Warehouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Additionally, it lies within the boundaries of the Chillicothe Business District, a historic district that was added to the National Register in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Mount Alice is a high mountain summit in the northern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13,315 ft thirteener is located in the Rocky Mountain National Park Wilderness, 19.3 km southwest by south  of the Town of Estes Park, Colorado, United States, immediately east of the Continental Divide between Boulder and Grand counties. Just who the namesake Alice was is unclear, but according to one source she was likely a "woman of ill repute".</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The standard routes to the summit can be climbed in a long day out of Wild Basin. Most climbers ascent via Hourglass Ridge above Lion lakes or else via Boulder Grand Pass above Thunder Lake. Both are class 3 routes and do not require any technical moves.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Mount Alice – 1911</p><br>
<p>Sioux Mountain</p><br>
<p>The Spring–Douglas Historic District is a set of 496 buildings in Elgin, Illinois. Of those, 455 buildings contribute to the districts historical value. It is a residential district following Spring Street and Douglas Avenue from Kimball Street in the south to River Bluff Road to the north. The lands that now comprise the district were originally settled by Phineas J. Kimball and Vincent Lovell in the 1830s. Kimballs property eventually became the southern part of the district, which mostly housed working class citizens. Lovell&#39;s subdivisions became housing for wealthier managers and doctors. The lower district is noted for its vernacular architecture, mostly gablefront houses, while the upper district represents a wide array of late 19th and early 20th century styles, mostly Queen Anne.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elgin, Illinois was first settled in 1835. Located on the Fox River, it was an important site for travelers on the Galena-Chicago trail. The land that now comprises the residential district was originally claimed by Phineas J. Kimball and Vincent Lovell, two of Elgins earliest settlers. Kimball was the brother of Elgins second settler, Joseph Kimball, who had claimed the west side of the river to build a mill. Phineas Kimballs property was immediately to the east of his brothers, and he soon built a cabin at what is now the northwest corner of Douglas Avenue and Kimball Road. Douglas Avenue was paved on the west side of the plots, and Spring Street was laid on the east side, both roads traveling north and south.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portions of the district are on the southern end, between Kimball Street and Franklin Street. These houses were mostly vernacular and served the lower class. Elgin&#39;s first major commercial development was opened in the 1840s a few blocks to the south at Chicago Avenue, making the southern portion of the district attractive to the working class. In anticipation of the 1850 completion of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad through Elgin, Kimball subdivided most of the southern portion of his property into residential developments. Initially, the subdivision did not grow as expected, with only twelve houses built by 1860. However, the 1864 opening of the Elgin National Watch Company caused a great demand for working class housing. A wagonway was extended to the district from the Watch Company, making it a convenient choice for workers.</p><br>
<p>Vincent Lovell was a merchant who settled in Elgin in 1837, purchasing 160 acres east of the river. Lovell was an important figure in the founding of the Elgin Academy, although he did not live long enough to witness its opening. The area of land between Douglas and Sping, and north of Jefferson Avenue to River Bluff Road was recorded as Lovells Addition in 1868. Elgins population skyrocketed in the 1880s, further increasing residential demand. The wagonway was also extended north to Slade Avenue in 1881. Nine years later, the wagonway was replaced by an electric streetcar that ran all the way north to River Bluff Road.</p><br>
<p>German immigrant William Grote was the first major real estate developer in the north district and also persuaded several industries to locate in Elgin. He co-developed Grote and Waldrons Second Addition in 1881 on the east side of Spring Street between Lincoln and Slade Avenues, which was directly advertised to those working at the factories he lured. Immediately north of this development was owned by fruit grower Steven Slade, who developed a residential district there in 1881. The Lovell family owned the land to the west of these developments, which became a popular picnic location. Lovells descendents eventually recorded these areas as residential developments in 1893 (Jefferson to Slade Ave.) and 1913 (north of Slade Ave.). Unlike the southern portion of the district, the northern part features more ornate styles of architecture. These buildings were mostly erected for prosperous Elgin citizens between 1868 and 1913, and thus reflect popular architectural trends of the time. The northern part of the district provided homes for dentists and physicians from Sherman Hospital.</p><br>
<p>The earliest residences in the district are mostly gablefront houses in the southern district. There are thirty-one typical gablefront houses, twenty-one Gable Ell designs, nineteen Cross-Forms, eight L-forms, and five T-forms. The most common style of house in the northern district is Queen Anne, with forty-eight examples. The Shingle Style is represented with eleven buildings and the Italianate style with twelve. As architectural trends changed in the early 20th century, so did new buildings in the district. Such buildings include six Dutch Colonials, three Neoclassicals, and three Tudor Revivals. Most of these builds are on the 800-1000 blocks of Douglas Ave. Twentieth century trends are also noticed in the southern district, with fourteen Foursquares, four bungalows, and three ranch houses. The majority of the district is single-family housing, although there are fifteen multi-family residences, including eight apartment buildings. A gas station and a Salvation Army building fall within the district, but are considered non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>Raymonden is a prehistoric cave near Chancelade in the French département Dordogne. The cave was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic and contained, besides lots of artefacts, a human skeleton.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, geology and site description</h2><br>
<p>The Raymonden cave occurs about one kilometer north of Chancelade on the left bank of the Beauronne river, a right-hand tributary of the Isle river. Just north of the cave the Beauronne starts to meander forming a first loop which is accompanied on its left side by a steep, rocky ledge. The rocks are composed of flat-lying Angoumian limestones, a local formation of the Turonian. The Angoumian used to be extensively quarried for building stones, and an enclosed resistant layer was mined for mill stones. The entry to the cave is hemmed in between two quarries, not far from the borough of les Grèzes. In front of the cave passes the D 939 from Périgueux to Brantôme, a major trunk road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The prehistoric site was discovered in 1876 by M. Hardy, who also started the excavation work. He was followed in 1883 by two college teachers from Périgueux. During the construction of the railway line from Périgueux to Brantôme the deposits in front of the cave (including many stone and bone artefacts) were erroneously used as gravel for the track foundations and consequently spread out over nearly a kilometer ! After this vandalism with irreparable damage Hardy and M. Féaux started a systematic study of the site which lasted till 1888. Their endeavours were crowned by success because at the base of the archeological layer they found a tomb with human remains.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 L. Didon excavated a section in front of Raymonden cave, which was subjected to occasional flooding. After his death the work was continued by J. B. Bouyssonie from 1928 till 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>The damage done to the cave deposits by the railway workers seriously disturbed the original succession. Despite this considerable drawback in 1891 Hardy was still able to distinguish four ash layers within the 1.35 meter thick archeological succession; the individual ash layers were separated by thin sandy and clayey levels. The recovered artefacts were then brought to the Musée du Périgord in Périgueux but regrettably their exact position within the succession was never recorded. Even so certain characteristic finds clearly indicate the cultural epochs Magdalenian IV to Magdalenian VI.</p><br>
<p>The excavations in front of the cave by Didon and Bouyssonie also distinguished four layers, but they were older and had to be attributed to the Magdalenian I – III.</p><br>
<p>Raymonden was thus the only archeological site in the Périgord that once contained the entire Magdalenian section.</p><br>
<h2>Inventory</h2><br>
<p>The Raymonden cave contained a multitude of stone and bone artefacts from the Magdalenian including numerous art works&#39; such as the bison plate (in French plaquette au bison).</p><br>
<p>The Magdalenian I was mainly composed of draw knives but showed hardly any real knife blades. The Magdalenian II was very rich in knife blades, followed by scrapers and burins in equal proportion. The Magdalenian III is clearly dominated by burins.</p><br>
<p>The bone artefacts mainly originated from reindeer. During the Magdalenian II the saiga antelope appeared. Remarkable is the discovery of seal bones within the Magdalenian VI !</p><br>
<h3>Tomb</h3><br>
<p>The tomb at the base of the succession contained a human skeleton, that of Chancelade man. This find differs considerably from the Cro-Magnon Man. The skeleton was resting on its left side and the knees were drawn to the torso. The left hand was covered by the skull, and the right hand touched the chin. The corpse must have been sprinkled with red iron oxide powder (ochre), because the bones are stained red. This species of a homo sapiens sapiens is now kept in the Musée du Périgord.</p><br>
<p>The Chancelade Man was 35 to 40 years old and only 1.60 meters tall. He possessed quite long arms and spread-out toes. The volume of the brain reached 1675 cubic centimeters, which is more than average. He must have suffered from chronic rheumatism. The right half of the skull had undergone several lesions that later had healed over again.</p><br>
<h2>Raymonden-North</h2><br>
<p>A bit farther north from Raymonden cave is another small cave, sometimes also designated as Chancelade cave. In this cave remains dating back to the Mousterian (MTA-type), to the Lower Périgordian and to the Aurignacian were found.</p><br>
<h2>Age</h2><br>
<p>Raymonden-North is a much older prehistoric site already inhabited during the Mousterian. The main cave spans the entire Magdalenian which corresponds roughly to the interval 17.000 to 11.000 years BP. It possibly was also inhabited during the Azilian.</p><br>
<p>Rochereil is a prehistoric cave near Lisle in the French département Dordogne. Besides around 4000 stone and bone artifacts it contained the tomb of an adult human, the perforated skull of a two year old child and fossilized bones of two adolescent individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, geology and site description</h2><br>
<p>The Rochereil cave, sometimes also written Rochereuil, belongs to the commune of Grand Brassac. It was named after a nearby water mill, Moulin de Rochereil. The cave is situated at the right embankment of the Dronne River, not far from the confluence of the Euche, a right tributary. Lisle is about 2.5 km farther south. The cave formed in a vertical 20 m high limestone cliff made up of flat-lying Coniacian. In front of the cave passes a small road leading to the hamlets of Lonlaygue and Renamon. Only a little way upstream the departmental road D 2 from Saint-Just to Bussac crosses the Dronne. Over the bridge on the left side of the Dronne is a small cliff with the abri of Pont d&#39;Ambon another notable site of the Lower Paleolithic. About 2 km farther south another site was discovered near La Peyzie containing remains from the Upper Magdalenian.</p><br>
<p>The very small cave (not more than 10 m&sup2; in area) opens to the south, less than 100 m downstream from the mill. The entry, set back about 15 m from the Dronne, is only a few metres above river level and has somewhat been blocked by rockfall. The archeological finds were made in the interior of the cave and immediately in front of it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first excavations at the Rochereil cave were undertaken around 1900 by the Marquis de Fayolle and by M. Féaux.</p><br>
<p>This venture was overshadowed by a fatal accident due to rockfall. More detailed prospecting was done by Dr. P. E. Jude in the years 1935 till 1939. His report was published in 1960. The Rochereil cave was treated as part of Christine Duchadeau-Kervazo&#39;s master thesis in 1982. The finds are now displayed in the museum at Brantôme.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>The deposits of Rochereil cave can be divided into two archeological levels further subdivided into single strata. The older succession dates back to the Magdalenian VI and the younger one to the Azilian.</p><br>
<h2>Inventory</h2><br>
<h3>Magdalenian VI</h3><br>
<p>The succession of the Magdalenian VI is characterised by the following stone artefacts:</p><br>
<p>burins. Very abundant (about 60% of the total). Are mainly composed of dihedral burins, but some bec de perroquet-burins also occur.</p><br>
<p>scrapers. Fairly unimportant (about 10%).</p><br>
<p>knives with a squared-off back.</p><br>
<p>spearheads of the Laugerie-Basse, Teyjat and Hamburg type.</p><br>
<p>An impressive 2000 stone artefacts were found made mainly from bluegrey silex. The silex occurs enclosed in Santonian limestones which crop out in the vicinity. Several varieties of brown flints were also used, mainly for burins and knives.</p><br>
<p>Amongst the bone tools the following items were found :</p><br>
<p>chisels.</p><br>
<p>needles.</p><br>
<p>piercers.</p><br>
<p>doubly chanfered spearheads.</p><br>
<p>pierced batons.</p><br>
<p>hooks.</p><br>
<p>harpoons with two rows of barbs.</p><br>
<p>Many of the bones showed fine engravings that were executed in a very realistic manner. Towards the top of the succession the designs become more geometric. River gravels engraved with strange patterns were also discovered.</p><br>
<p>The trepanned skull of a two- to three-year-old also dates back to the Magdalenian VI.</p><br>
<h3>Azilian</h3><br>
<p>The Azilian finds are almost as rich as the Magdalenian ones. They stand out with their typical spearheads and flat harpoons made from deer antlers.</p><br>
<p>The Azilian succession also contained the tomb of a human adult (a 1.68 meter tall male strongly resembling the Chancelade type) and the remains of two adolescents with calcined bones. The skeleton of the adult was not calcined, but instead surrounded by layers of ash and burnt soil – a possible indication for a burial ritual.</p><br>
<p>Very rich Azilian finds were made at the Pont d&#39;Ambon site.</p><br>
<h2>Age</h2><br>
<p>The Rochereil cave has not been dated absolutely, but the unearthed artefacts are characteristic for the Magdalenian VI and for the Azilian. This corresponds to the age period of 12.500 to 10.500 years BP.</p><br>
<p>The Renick House, also known as "Paint Hill", is a historic house in western Chillicothe, Ohio, United States. Built in 1804, The house&#39;s sandstone facade is pierced by six openings: three windows on the second story and the door and two windows on the first.</p><br>
<p>This "Virginia-style" Federal house was built under the direction of Presley Morris. Its first inhabitant was prominent Chillicothe resident George Renick, who contributed to one of Ohios first cattle drives; under his leadership, ninety-six cattle were moved from the Scioto River valley to Baltimore, Maryland. Among the houses later owners was a Presbyterian congregation, which used it as a manse for its minister. In 1904, the house was modified by the addition of an ell on one side.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Renick House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was eligible for the Register both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and its connection to George Renick. One lesser building was sufficiently closely associated with the house that it qualified for inclusion with the house as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The "Jean-Baptiste Lainé" or Mantle site in the town of Whitchurch–Stouffville, north-east of Toronto, is the largest and most complex ancestral Wendat-Huron village to be excavated in the Lower Great Lakes region to date.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>In 2002, a Huron village from the late Precontact Period (i.e., immediately prior to the arrival of Europeans) was discovered during the construction of the new subdivision in Whitchurch–Stouffville along Stouffville Creek, a tributary of West Duffins Creek, on a section of Lot 33,</p><br>
<p>Concession 9. From circa 1500 to 1530 AD, 1500 to 2000 people inhabited the 4.2 hectare site. The community was likely created from multiple smaller sites, including the Draper Site, located five kilometres south-east of Mantle in north Pickering.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, archaeologists revealed that they had discovered a forged wrought iron axehead of European origin which had been carefully buried in a long-house at the centre of the village site. It is believed that the axe originated from a Basque whaling station in the Strait of Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador), and was traded into the interior of the continent a century before Europeans began to explore the Great Lakes region.See documentary film, " (History Television.ca), 128 min.</p><br>
<p>See also Patrick Cain, "," Global News, July 6, 2012; "," Global News, July 10, 2012; Mary Ormsby, "," Toronto Star, July 7, 2012; Owen Jarus, "," MSNBC, July 10, 2012. "It is the earliest European piece of iron ever found in the North American interior."</p><br>
<p>The Mantle site was enclosed by a three-row wooden fort-like structure (palisade) with 95 longhouses, of which at least 50 were occupied at any one time. Each longhouse was approximately 20 ft wide, 20 ft high; lengths varied from 40 ft to 160 ft, with a typical length of 100 ft. They were constructed from maple or cedar saplings and covered by elm or cedar bark. The layout displays a uniquely high degree of organization (when compared, e.g., to the Draper Site), and includes an open plaza and a developed waste management system.</p><br>
<p>Maize comprised 62% of the community&#39;s diet, which translates to approximately one pound of maize per person per day, or (minimally) 1,500 pounds for the community per day. More maize may have been required for trade with the Algonquin people to the north. The community farmed 80 square kilometres of land stretching up to five kilometres in every direction from the village site. For clothing approximately 7000 deer hides per year were needed, which would have required hunting about 40 kilometres in every direction from the site.</p><br>
<p>A series of modeled human and animal effigies ceramic vessels were found on the site. These are similar to ones found on contemporaneous Oneida villages in New York State, indicating the cosmopolitan nature of the community that settled the Mantle site. The humanlike effigies are thought to be mythical cornhusk people associated with horticultural crops. Unlike other indigenous villages in the Great Lakes region, the Mantle site is unique "in that it represents a community that had already come together from several villages and chose to build here." During its existence, the community was the only village near the eastern Rouge trail linking Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe and north of it. Artifacts found indicate trade and interaction with distant First Nations groups to the north, east, south and west.</p><br>
<p>After two or three decades on the Mantle site, the people abandoned the location in the first half of the sixteenth century. They likely moved five kilometres north-west to the so-called Ratcliff site and / or the Aurora/Old Fort site. In the seventeenth century, the community likely joined others to form one of the Huron tribes in the Orillia-Georgian Bay area.</p><br>
<p>With the discovery of the Mantle site by Lebovic Enterprises, Archaeological Services Inc. was contracted to complete an evaluation of the sites significance. A decision was made to preserve about 5% of the original Mantle site, primarily along the bank of the creek. The site was documented and over 150,000 artifacts were removed for study and interpretation at McMaster University and the University of Toronto. Because of their national significance, the artifacts will be safeguarded by the Canadian Museum of Civilization. The archaeological site-work took three years to complete (2003–2005). Most of the site is now a storm water pond; the homes on the south-west corner of Lost Pond Crescent are also on the village site. A small cemetery found outside the village walls has been preserved and protected in accordance with the provincial cemeteries act and in consultation with First Nations. The consequent development of the west side of the creek in the Fieldgate River Ridge subdivision around James Ratcliff Avenue was delayed significantly. The village ossuary, a mass grave with an expected 300 to 400 skeletal remains, has not been yet been located. The Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville is planning further housing development immediately south of the Mantle site in the towns Phase Two development plan.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, First Nations peoples visited the site and performed ceremonies. The Mantle site (among others) is mentioned in the 2007 provincial inquiry into the Ipperwash Crisis; the report highlights the importance of ancestral burial sites to First Nations people, explains why they often become flashpoints for occupation (a need to protect them from further desecration), and recommends consultation with First Nations regarding the disposition of a site.</p><br>
<p>Consequently in 2007, the Town Council of Whitchurch–Stouffville recognized the Mantle site as "one of the most significant Huron ancestral villages in Southern Ontario," and committed itself to work with the Huron to "assign aboriginal names to watercourses, streets and trails in and around the Mantle site and elsewhere in the municipality." In 2011, the York Region District School Board announced that it would name the new school to be built adjacent to the site the "Wendat Village Public School."</p><br>
<p>In Summer 2011, Wendat ceremonies were held at the site and it was renamed the "Jean-Baptiste Lainé" Site.</p><br>
<h2>Wendat people today</h2><br>
<p>The Huron (Wendat) are considered part of the larger Iroquoian cultural and language family. The Huron-Wendat Nation is a First Nation whose community and reserve today is located at Wendake, Quebec. The Huron, as well as other local First Nation peoples, have urged towns and developers in York Region to preserve indigenous sites "for worship at the places where ancestors are buried." The discovery of a sixteenth-century European axe at Mantle is also of political importance for the Wendat First Nation for current negotiations with federal and provincial governments.</p><br>
<h2>Film and television</h2><br>
<p>In 2012, a two-hour documentary film on the Mantle Wendat-Huron Village Site, Curse of the Axe, was produced by yap films in association with Shaw Media, and narrated by Robbie Robertson.</p><br>
<p>The Peel of Lumphanan, also known as the Peel Ring or Peel Bog of Lumphanan, is a defensive structure dating back to the 13th century. It is located near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The peel comprises a mound or motte, surrounded by two concentric ditches separated by a bank. The outer earth bank is about 4 m high, the inner ditch or moat is 15 m across, and the central mound measures 37 by. The outer ditch was described as shallow in 1960, and is now difficult to discern. On the top of the mound are the remains of a 1 m thick wall, and the foundations of a house measuring around 15 by. The entrance was probably located to the west. The lower half of the motte consists of a natural mound; it was heightened when the castle was built.</p><br>
<p>A motte on this site is thought to have been in existence at the time of the Battle of Lumphanan.</p><br>
<p>The present mound was constructed in the 13th century by the De Lundin family, who later adopted the name Durward from their hereditary position of royal ushers or door-wards. Sir John de Melville paid homage to Edward I of England at the peel in 1296. The original ramparts may have been of turf rather than stone. The rectangular foundation is that of Halton House, which was built in the 15th century by Thomas Charteris of Kinfauns. The circular wall, originally thought to have been the curtain wall of a shell keep, was discovered through excavation in the 1970s to be of 18th-century date.</p><br>
<p>The site is under the guardianship of Historic Scotland, and is protected as a scheduled monument. It is considered to be of national importance as "a good surviving example of an earthwork castle with water-filled outer defences."</p><br>
<p>The Endicott Mountains are a range of mountains, part of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. They are located in the middle of the Brooks range and run some 151 mi east&ndash;west. To the east are the Philip Smith Mountains and to the west are the Schwatka Mountains. The Endicott Mountains are separated from the Philip Smith Mountains by the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River, the Dalton Highway, and Atigun Pass. The Endicott Mountains are separated from the Schwatka Mountains by Walker Lake, the upper reaches of the West Fork of the Kobuk River , Akabluak Pass, and the Noatak River. The Endicott Mountains are separated from the mountains north of the Schwatka by Lucky Six Creek, Gull Pass, Gull Creek, a portion of the Alatna River and the Killik River.</p><br>
<p>From south to north the Endicott Mountains present long, broad glaciated valleys with rounded hills between rising in the center of the range to steep tors and aretes. The northern slopes of the Endicotts are steeper and more heavily incised, before they give way to the Arctic Coastal Plain.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Peaks in the Endicott Mountains include the Arrigetch Peaks, and highest to lowest:</p><br>
<p>as well as a number of unnamed peaks over 7000 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Above the crystalline basement are partial metamorphozed PreCambrian and Paleozoic sediments. Above these are middle Cambrian sediments and the well documented Kanayuk Conglomerate. The Kanayuk Conglomerate is a fluvial deposit, made by a river in its flood plain, and can be up to 8,000 ft thick. The Kanayuk Conglomerate began to be deposited in the Devonian and continued through into the Mississippian (early Carboniferous). It is believed to have formed a huge delta almost 500 mi long and 30 mi wide.</p><br>
<p>The Beltrami Island State Forest is a state forest located in Lake of the Woods, Roseau, and Beltrami counties, Minnesota. Named after Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami, it is the second-largest state forest in the Minnesota system after Pine Island State Forest. The largest wildlife management area in the state at 321,149 acre, the Red Lake Wildlife Management Area, is located within the forest. The majority of the forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, although a significant portion are tribal lands belonging to the neighboring Red Lake Band of Ojibwe.</p><br>
<p>French explorers came to the area around 1730 in their search for a route to the Pacific Ocean, retaining control of the area via the fur trade until after 1760, when the British Hudson&#39;s Bay Company gained control of the area. The Treaty of 1818 gave the Americans technical control over the area, although the Ojibwe retained control over the land until ceding all their holdings in the Red River Valley as a result of the Treaty of Old Crossing in 1863.</p><br>
<p>The majority of land in the forest is coniferous swamp dominated by species such as black spruce, tamarack, and northern white cedar, although red pine, jack pine, and aspen exist in upland areas. Much of the pine that characterizes the upland acreage were planted by the federal Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, based out of Norris Camp now located in the Red Lake WMA portion of the forest. Within the perimeters of the forest are the headwaters of the Roseau River, Warroad River, Rapid River, and Moose River. All rivers ultimately drain northward into Hudson Bay due to the forests location north of the Laurentian Divide.</p><br>
<p>Outdoor recreation activities include hiking and mountain biking on provided trails, as well as backcountry camping. Trails include 25 mi of hiking, 27 mi of horseback riding, 238 mi available for Class I and II all-terrain vehicle use as well as dirt biking, and 138 mi for snowmobiling. Nearby Zippel Bay State Park and adjacent Hayes Lake State Park have facilities suitable for camping.</p><br>
<p>The Huron Tract Purchase also known as the Huron Block, registered as Crown Treaty Number 29, is a large area of land in southwestern Ontario bordering on Lake Huron to the west and Lake Erie to the east. The area spans the counties of Huron, Perth, Middlesex and present day Lambton County, Ontario in the Province of Ontario.</p><br>
<p>The Huron Tract was purchased by the Canada Company, an agent of the British government, to be distributed to colonial settlers of Upper Canada. Influenced by William "Tiger" Dunlop, John Galt and other businessmen formed the Canada Company. The Canada Company bought one million acres (4,000 km) of land west of the then London district and called it the Huron Tract. The Canada Company was the administrative agent for the Huron Tract.</p><br>
<p>An Act of Parliament in 1825 incorporated the Canada Company with the Huron Tract settlement objective as its primary goal. The Canada Company received its Charter in 1826, ceased business in 1951 and was dissolved in December 1953. Nevertheless, private enterprise and the ruling elite never quite separated in the case of the Huron Tract, the Canada Company and the Family Compact being almost synonymous until after the Rebellions of 1837.</p><br>
<h2>Historic origins</h2><br>
<p>For 5000 years groups of 25 to 250 Huron, Algonquin and the Ojibwa historically used this land as tribal summer homes for communal fishing and hunting. To protect their way of life, the tribes led explorers north along the Nipissing Passageway. The waterways of Magnetawan River were the traditional access routes to Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. Outside the Long Wood Purchase, the Crown wished also to purchase a larger tract of land known as the Huron Tract. The Chippewas of Chenail Ecarte, the Ausable River, and St. Clair River negotiated with John Askin, then Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for this tract.</p><br>
<p>The practice of distribution of Upper Canada land through government agencies began with John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada toward the end of the 18th century. In an attempt to discourage speculation and distribute land according to the prevailing paradigm, Upper Canada was divided into three separate categories: crown, clergy and township. 19 counties where identified with townships contained 200 acre lots with concession roads.</p><br>
<p>While the land distribution scheme of John Graves Simcoe worked well for a few years, the issues of settlement became more complex and required more land. Moreover, the issue of Clergy Reserves became a controversial issue. Efforts to streamline the land distribution process resulted in the private enterprise Canada Company, while the Crown pursued the purchase of more Native land resulting in the Huron Tract among others.</p><br>
<h2>Evolution of the Huron Block</h2><br>
<p>From the land bordering the Lake Huron, the following were selected by the First Nation Chiefs as reserved for their exclusive use:</p><br>
<p>The Canada Company acquired 1,000,000 acre of the Huron Block, which came to be known as the Huron Tract. The tract, together with the Crown Reserves not leased in townships surveyed before March 1, 1824, formed the lands that they intended to sell.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, the Huron Block townships were transferred into the following counties:</p><br>
<p>The townships of the original Huron County have since devolved to the following counties:</p><br>
<p>The inclusion of the portions of land known as the Clergy Reserves were the most controversial and were cause for concern in the colony where the decisions about the Huron Tract had been made in isolation in Britain. The Family Compact and the Anglican Church in Canada led by Bishop John Strachan opposed this inclusion. After much lobbying, the influential bishop was able to return the lands to the Church. One of the seeds of discontent that led to the Rebellion of 1837 was sown in this decision.</p><br>
<h3>Township name provenance</h3><br>
<p>The Huron Tract was divided into 21 townships in 1824. Five townships were named for senior members of the British government: Colborne, Goderich, Hay, Stanley and Stephen. The remaining townships were named for members of the Canada Company Provisional Committee. The exception is Easthope Townships which were divided into North and South, as it was felt that the original division was too large. The original surveys were conducted by Deputy Provincial Surveyor John McDonald, although Goderich Township was surveyed by Deputy Provincial Surveyor David Gibson.</p><br>
<p>Directors Edward Ellice, Simon McGillivrary, Hart Logan and Henry Usborne, had lived in Canada at various times.</p><br>
<p>Edward Stanley, the 14th Earl of Derby visited Canada in 1824.</p><br>
<p>The following townships were named for Canada Company Provisional Committee members of 1824.</p><br>
<p>* Biddulph Township for Robert Biddulph.</p><br>
<p>* Bosanquet Township for Charles Bosanquet.</p><br>
<p>* Colborne Township for Sir John Colborne (later John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton).</p><br>
<p>* Downie Township for Robert Downie, MP.</p><br>
<p>* Easthope Township (North & South) for Sir John Easthope, MP.</p><br>
<p>* Ellice Township for Edward Ellice, MP.</p><br>
<p>* Fullarton Township for John Fullarton</p><br>
<p>* Goderich Township for Frederick John Robinson, created Viscount Goderich of Nocton.</p><br>
<p>* Hibbert Township for William T. Hibbert</p><br>
<p>* Hullett Township for John Hullett</p><br>
<p>* Logan Township for Hart Logan</p><br>
<p>* McGillivray Township for Simon McGillivray</p><br>
<p>* Stanley Township for Edward Stanley,MP</p><br>
<p>* Stephen Township for James Stephen,MP</p><br>
<p>* Williams Township for William Williams,MP</p><br>
<p>* Usborne Township for Henry Usborne</p><br>
<p>* Blanshard Township was named for Richard Blanshard, Canada Company Provisional Committee members of 1829.</p><br>
<p>* Hay Township was named for Robert William Hay, 2nd undersecretary of state for colonies (1825) and later Permanent undersecretary for the North American department 1828 - 1836.</p><br>
<h2>Conditions of sale for parcels of land</h2><br>
<p>No person, except United Englishmen, Loyalists (on the separation of the United States from Great Britain, those who preserved their allegiance to the British Crown and fled to Canada, were entitled to 200 acres of land each, by Act of Parliament), or those entitled by existing regulations to the Government free grants, can obtain any of the waste Crown lands otherwise than by purchase. The sales take place under the direction of a Commissioner on the first and third Tuesday of every month in the different districts. The lands are put at an upset price, of which notice is given at the time of advertising the sale, and the conditions are one-fourth of the purchase-money paid down; the remainder at three equal annual instalments, with interest at 6 percent, payable on and with each instalment: when this is completed, a patent for the lands is issued, free of charge.</p><br>
<p>The conditions of sale for land in the Huron Tract were open to interpretation. Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto, an important member of the 9th Parliament of Upper Canada, felt that those persons who automatically became American citizens after 1783 should be required to renounce their American citizenship to qualify as a Loyalist. The opposition, the Colborne Clique, had a different opinion and were able to sway a victory in defiance of the Family Compact and Sir John Robinson&#39;s position. This issue is one of many that lead to the Rebellion of 1837. Another issue pertinent to the conditions of sale, was who qualified for the Government free grants and who did not.</p><br>
<h2>Plaque</h2><br>
<p>Pioneers of the Huron Tract 1828-1928</p><br>
<p>Commemorating the life work of the men who opened the roads, felled the forests, builded the farmsteads, tilled the fields, reaped the harvests—and of the women who made the homes, bore the children, nursed them, reared them, brightened and ennobled domestic life in the Huron Tract during a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.</p><br>
<h3>Related plaques</h3><br>
<p>* Colonel Anthony Van Egmond 1778-1838 (Anthony Van Egmond)</p><br>
<p>* The Founding of Goderich (Goderich, Ontario)</p><br>
<p>* Thomas Mercer Jones 1795-1868 (Thomas Mercer Jones)</p><br>
<p>* "Tiger" Dunlop 1792-1848 (William "Tiger" Dunlop)</p><br>
<p>* The Founding of Bayfield (Bayfield, Ontario)</p><br>
<p>* Fryfogel&#39;s Inn 1845, Neoclassical architecture Huron Road, Huron Tract.</p><br>
<p>* The Wilberforce Settlement 1830 (Wilberforce Colony)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In 1841, the Huron Tract was 1,200,000 acre with another parcel about to be added that would take the total to over 1.7 million acres (6,900 km). The Huron Tract would eventually total 2,756,960 acre.</p><br>
<p>William "Tiger" Dunlop describes the land as loamy, or, sandy loam with a limestone gravel on the verge of the lakes. The whole of the area is characterised as covered with considerable vegetable mold. Dunlop also describes the bedrock as a recent formation of limestone varied with sandstone.</p><br>
<h3>Minerals</h3><br>
<p>Lakeshores featured detached masses of rock of the Serpentine group. Granite in red, silver and gray were visible. Pyrite or fools gold could be seen embedded in clay slate, particularly at Kettle Point.</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>The major rivers within the Huron Tract are:</p><br>
<p>* Thames River (Ontario)</p><br>
<p>* Bayfield River</p><br>
<p>* Maitland River</p><br>
<p>* Nith River</p><br>
<p>* St. Clair River</p><br>
<p>* Ausable River (Lake Huron)</p><br>
<h3>Land features</h3><br>
<p>The ecozone of the former Huron Tract is Mixedwood Plains. Although very little of the originally heavily forested area still stand, some isolated pockets of the old forest remain. They consist of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, yellow birch, red pine, sugar maple, Quercus rubra(red oak), bassword and white elm. Historically, the southwest area of the Huron Tract contained a small portion of Carolinian forest or deciduous trees.</p><br>
<p>A large cedar swamp was located in the townships of Ellice, Logan, McKillop, terminating in Hullett.</p><br>
<p>The largest area is known as the Ellice Swamp and the Gads Hill Swamp. Both are located between Milverton and Stratford Ontario. Ellice Swamp is 2,504 acre. Gad Hill Swamp is 1,741 acre. Ellice and Gads Hill are primarily owned by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority; the northern section of Ellice Swamp being owned by the Grand River Conservation Authority</p><br>
<p>A smaller area is known as Hullet Swamp or Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area. Currently the Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area is 2,200 hectare along the South Maitland River in the heart of Huron County.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental significance</h3><br>
<p>The former Huron Tract was once home to significant wetlands, swamps and one of the largest deer yards in Ontario. Presently 3.4% of the former Huron Tract is wetland. Ellice Swamp is a Class 2 Provincially Significant wetland. Of other interest in the area are the Class 1 wetland Dorchester Swamp, the Class 2 wetland Sifton Bog and Golspie Swamp.</p><br>
<h4>Conservation authorities</h4><br>
<p>* Maitland Valley Conservation Authority</p><br>
<p>* Ausable Bayfield Conservation Authority</p><br>
<p>* Upper Thames River Conservation Authority</p><br>
<p>* St. Clair Region Conservation Authority</p><br>
<p>Saqqarlersuaq Island  is an uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. Part of the Upernavik Archipelago, Saqqarlersuaq Island is located in the southern part of Melville Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In the south, Saqqarlersuaq Island is separated from the much larger Kiatassuaq Island by the 11 km Saqqarlersuup Sullua strait. The strait connects the open waters of Melville Bay in the west with the outlet of Alison Bay in the northeast.</p><br>
<p>A small Ikerasaa Strait separates the island from Kullorsuaq Island in the northwest, home to the Kullorsuaq settlement, the northernmost settlement in the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The highest point on the island is an unnamed 583 m peak in the southern part of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Historic District is a set of 697 buildings in Elgin, Illinois. Of these, 429 contribute to the district&#39;s historical integrity. The district is the oldest portion of the city, and contains mostly residences and churches. Other buildings in the district include an art museum, a masonic temple, and the Elgin Academy. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, the district also contains three properties that were already individually listed: the academy , the First Universalist Church , and Gifford-Davidson House .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers arrived in Elgin, Illinois in April 1835. James Talcott Gifford built his cabin on what is now a triangular park between Fulton, Villa, and Geneva Streets. A dam was constructed two years later, and the first plat of Elgin was recorded in August 1842. Gifford marked a road from Elgin east to Meacham&#39;s Grove, and west to Belvidere. Roads from those towns connected to Chicago and Galena, respectively. This Galena-Chicago trail became an important early stagecoach line. The first Elgin school, on the northeast corner of DuPage and Chapel Streets, began classes in 1847. Gifford built a second home on Prairie Street in 1850. This cobblestone house resembles houses in his home state of New York and resembles the Second Empire style. It is independently listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>In 1850, Elgin was connected to the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, enabling the city to export freight. Elgin became a major supplier of dairy products to Chicago. The Elgin Academy, independently listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), was completed in 1856. Gail Borden, Jr., the inventor of condensed milk, opened the worlds largest condensed milk factory in the world in the 1860s. Elgins first bank, the First National Bank of Elgin, was founded in 1865. The Elgin Board of Trade opened in 1872 and was tasked with setting the national price of butter. A second major industry arrived in Elgin in 1867 with the opening of the Elgin National Watch Company. The company became the nations largest producer of pocket watches and employed 2,700 of the citys 17,823 residents in 1890. Company superintendent George Hunter planned the First Universalist Church with his nephew. The church is listed independently on the NRHP, and attracted speakers such as Lincoln Steffens, Norman Thomas, and Samuel Porter Jones.</p><br>
<p>The D. C. Cook Publishing Company, the nation&#39;s largest interdenominational publishing house, moved from Chicago to Elgin, providing a further stimulus of jobs. An influx of German immigrants led to the construction of a German Evangelical church in 1892, built on Center Street in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The freemasons constructed a 2,500-seat stone temple on Chicago Street in 1924. Also that year, the Laura Davidson Sears Academy of Fine Arts opened on Academy Place. Housing works of art by John Singleton Copley, George Inness, Benjamin West, John James Audubon, and other American artists, the museum was dedicated by Albert Rosenthal and Lorado Taft. The historic district was added to the NRHP on May 9, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The First Universalist Church in Elgin, Illinois was built in 1892. It was designed by George Hunter to resemble a pocket watch in Richardsonian Romanesque style. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was subsequently included as a contributing property in the Elgin Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Universalists of Elgin, Illinois first founded a church in the city in 1866. The building, Unity Hall, was erected on the same site as the present church. The National Watch Company factory was also completed that year, and the two institutions have since had an intertwined history. Silvanus Wilcox, a member of the church, was one of four Elgin citizens to donate lands for the construction of the factory. The National Watch Company became Elgin&#39;s largest employer and produced over 4,000 watches a day.</p><br>
<p>By 1890, the Universalist congregation had grown to a point where a larger building was necessary. They turned to church member George Hunter, who was one of the "Seven Stars" who had originally come from the east to start the factory. Hunter conceived the idea that the new church building should resemble a pocket watch. The body of the church corresponded to the case, the roof was the cover, the choir loft was the hinge, and the tower was the snap. The pulpit was placed where the numeral XII would be found on the face of the watch.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to wealthy donors from the factory, the church was able to afford high-quality furnishings. The $3000 tracker pipe organ was manufactured by John W. Steele & Sons from Springfield, Massachusetts. It features fourteen ranks of pipes and is only one of ten of its kind built.</p><br>
<p>The church became an important community center. The Universalists often allowed newly organized religious groups to worship there until a permanent location could be found. The building also housed many community and cultural events.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin National Watch Company factory was demolished in 1966. Aside from the Elgin National Watch Company Observatory, there are few other structures associated with the factory left in the city. Elgins watch-shaped First Universalist Church is now an important reminder of Elgins industrious past. As a result, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1980. On May 9, 1983, it was also added to the register as a contributing property to the Elgin Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story masonry structure was built to resemble a pocket watch. The building is found on a triangular lot at the southeast corner of the intersection of Villa and Dupage Streets. The building&#39;s design is strongly influenced by the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The body of the church has sixteen sides with a tented roof. A tower with a conical roof rises to the same height as the body. This tower is connected to the body with entrances on both sides. The entranceways have gabled roofs and pediments. A similar design is found on the two centrally-located bays of the body on the northeast and southwest. The church features a 4 ft stone base and water table. Eight bays feature flanking pilasters with a wide arch window. The windows of the building are the original stained glass designs.</p><br>
<p>The Gifford–Davidson House, also known as Stone Cottage, in Elgin, Illinois was built in 1850 and expanded in 1871. The Gifford–Davidson House is unusual due to its cobblestone construction and Second Empire style details. This design would have been more typical in James Gifford&#39;s original home of New York City. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1980. Also, it is a contributing property in the Elgin Historic District, which was listed on the NRHP in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Talcott Gifford, a native of central New York, was a founder of Dundee, New York. In 1835, he left Dundee to head west to Kane County, Illinois, where he helped to found the town of Elgin. Like Dundee, Gifford named the settlement after a community mentioned in a Scotch hymn. Gifford built a log cabin on what is now a park between Fulton, Villa, and Geneva Streets. Gifford constructed roads connecting Elgin to nearby communities—to the east to Bloomingdale and to the west to Belvidere. He left Elgin for a period to found the town of Port Ulao, Wisconsin. Gifford sold wood to steamships on a 1000-foot pier he constructed. He started a plank road from Port Ulao west to the Wisconsin River; although only three miles were built, it was the basis of Wisconsin Highway 60. In 1849, Gifford returned to Elgin a much wealthier man. He built this cobblestone house, which was designed by Edwin F. Reeves. Reeves, a native of New York, also designed Old Main at the Elgin Academy. The house was completed in 1850, but Gifford died later that year.</p><br>
<p>The Gifford–Davidson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1980. On May 3, 1983, it became a contributing property to the Elgin Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage stands two stories tall. The first story walls are built with cobblestone while the second story is a frame mansard roof. The mansard roof was added at an uncertain date, but earlier than 1871. The approximately 2,000 ft&sup2; house was remodeled in 1903 for renting. The west side of the building was the original front of the house, though a new entrance was built on the north side along Prairie Street during the remodel. The house is decorated with gray limestone quoins. Windows have high lintels and thick sills, also made of limestone.</p><br>
<p>The Waihopai River — the more southerly of two New Zealand rivers of that name — runs through the South Island&#39;s Southland Region. A narrow stream for much of its 40 km length, it has its source in several streams arising in low hill country between Edendale and Dacre, all of which run generally west-southwest, passing through or close to the township of Woodlands. These streams gradually merge, becoming one river some 15 km east of Invercargill. The Waihopai runs west from this point, passing through the northern suburbs of Invercargill City and then turns south, running between Invercargill&#39;s built-up area and Invercargill Airport, before flowing into the northern end of the New River Estuary at Stead Street Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The river lends its name to the Maori name for Invercargill, Waihōpai.</p><br>
<p>The South Salem Academy is a historic former school in South Salem, Ohio, United States. Built in 1842,</p><br>
<p>Throughout nineteenth-century Ohio, churches played a major part in founding educational institutions. Because no upper level schools were present in southwestern Ross County in 1842, a local Presbyterian minister, Hugh Stewart Fullerton, called a meeting to remedy the situation. Both the members of his congregation and the remaining local residents responded heartily to his proposal; by the end of the year, the present structure had been constructed. It is a two-story rectangular building of cut limestone, The Salem Academys first classes began meeting in 1842, After the academy came under the supervision of the Chillicothe Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in 1859, students pursued a two-year course of instruction and, upon graduation, departed for other schools. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the school declined. Many students left to fight in the Civil War in the 1860s, and rising numbers of high schools elsewhere in the area reduced the demand for a school in South Salem. After the academys doors closed in 1907, it was converted into a community center. Among its 1,500 alumni was Joseph B. Foraker, a future Governor of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>At an unknown date, long after the construction of the original building, the academy was expanded. When its original four rooms — two per floor — became too small for the school, two concrete block wings were added to the building. Despite this modification, it was designated a historic site in 1979, being added to the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion on the Register both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its leading place in local history.</p><br>
<p>The Society for the Lying-In Hospital, now known as Rutherford Place, at 305 Second Avenue between East 17th and 18th Streets in the Stuyvesant Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was a maternity hospital built in 1902 and designed by noted architect R. H. Robertson in the Renaissance Revival style, with a Palladian crown at the top. Swaddled babies decorate the spandrels of the building, which was converted to offices and apartments in 1985 by Beyer Blinder Belle.</p><br>
<p>As the years passed, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. was concerned about the long-term stability of the hospital his father had so generously provided for. He recruited John D. Rockefeller, Jr. George F. Baker, Sr. and George F. Baker, Jr. to join forces in establishing an association with New York Hospital. Upon the subsequent opening of the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in 1932, the Lying-In Hospital moved out of the Second Avenue building. It became the more modern-sounding Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of New York Hospital, which is still part of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Blackduck State Forest is a state forest near the town of Blackduck, located in Beltrami and Itasca counties in Minnesota. It is adjacent to the Buena Vista State Forest and the federally managed Chippewa National Forest. It is managed primarily by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the counties.</p><br>
<p>The landscape is hilly and mixed soils are a result of the area&#39;s glacial history. Aspen and northern hardwoods dominate the upland sites, and black spruce, tamarack, and northern white cedar cover lowland sites.</p><br>
<p>Outdoor recreation opportunities include cross-country skiing, snowmobiling and hiking trails. Hunting and picnicking sites are located through the forest, and there is boating access to the Chippewa Forest&#39;s waters.</p><br>
<p>Academy Hall is a historic former school building at 785 Old Main Street in Rocky Hill, Connecticut. Built in 1803, it is a well-preserved example of a Federal style academy. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It presently houses the Academy Hall Museum of the Rocky Hill Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Academy Hall building is located in the center of Rocky Hill, on the west side of Old Main Street at Center Street. It stands between the town office building to the north and the Rocky Hill Congregational Church to the south. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a side gable roof. It is eight bays wide and two deep, with entrances in the outer bays of the long facade. Ground floor windows and doorways are topped by splayed brownstone lintels, while the second-floor windows are set close to the eave. The brick is laid mainly in Flemish bond, with a belt course projecting slightlly between the floors. The interior has been repeatedly altered over time and little original finish survives.</p><br>
<p>The Academy was built in 1803 by Abraham Jaggars, and is one of only a few surviving early 19th-century school buildings in Connecticut. It is believed to be one of few original Federal style buildings in Connecticut that has seen little alteration to its exterior. The building served as a school from its construction until 1941. Originally a private school, it became a public school after it was gutted by fire in 1839. The public school operated in the ground floor until 1916, the upper level serving as a community center. After the adjacent Center School (now the town offices) was built in 1941, this school housed town offices, and later also hosted the local American Legion chapter. In 1963, the building, then in deteriorated condition, was leased by the Rocky Hill Historical Society, which undertook its restoration. The society museum opened in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The James Pass Arboretum was established by the City of Syracuse, New York through the philanthropy of Adelaide Salisbury Pass and family with the guidance and cooperation of the State College of Forestry  to be a classic arboretum in the tradition of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston MA, that is, a museum of woody plants designed for education and horticultural display.</p><br>
<p>The arboretum is located in Syracuse, New York on the western edge of Tipperary Hill on the city&#39;s Far Westside and is bounded by South Avery Avenue on the east, Tompkins Street on the north, and Salisbury Road on the south. The western boundary is Sacred Heart Cemetery in the town of Geddes and the northern side of the park also borders Myrtle Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 22, 1925, Syracuse Mayor John Henry Walrath announced the gift of land consisting of 12.1 acres, adjacent to Burnet Park by Adelaide Pass and family. The land would be used as a municipal arboretum and named for Mrs. Pass&#39; late husband James Pass.</p><br>
<p>A deed of conveyance was drawn and executed on April 27, 1925 and recorded on August 12, 1925.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Pass insisted upon certain conditions to that conveyance including:</p><br>
<p>I) That it be known as “THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM”</p><br>
<p>II) That it be developed according to plans prepared by the State College of Forestry and on file in the office of the Planning, Parks and Recreation Commission of the City of Syracuse and that it be maintained as such Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>III) That it not be used for recreational or concession purposes.</p><br>
<p>IV) That in case of non-use it revert to the grantor, her heirs or assigns.</p><br>
<p>TOGETHER</p><br>
<p>with the appurtenances and all the estate and rights of the party of the first</p><br>
<p>part in and to said premises, TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the premises herein granted unto the party of the second part, its successors and assigns forever. AND said Adelaide S. Pass covenants as follows:</p><br>
<p>FIRST. That the party of the second part shall quietly enjoy the said premises. SECOND. That Adelaide S. Pass will forever WARRANT the title to said premises.Deed drawn and executed on April 27, 1925 and recorded on August 12, 1925 Book 556 of deeds page 84</p><br>
<p>Development would be conducted by the City of Syracuse, New York with the cooperation of the State College of Forestry in Syracuse, today called State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. From statements made by Mayor Walrath, F. Franklin Moon, Dean of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry "Calls City Fortunate in Site for Pass Arboretum" Franklin Moon Dean of NYS College of Forestry for Syracuse Herald Journal, March 22, 1925 p22</p><br>
<p>and Adelaide Pass there was agreement that the James Pass Arboretum would be a classic arboretum in the tradition of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston MA. and Highland Park in Rochester NY. It would be an outdoor museum of woody plants displayed for educational and horticultural purposes, to serve as a demonstration ground for students, homeowners, commercial growers, and horticulturalists.</p><br>
<p>That objective was confirmed by Mayor Charles Hanna in 1927 when he stated that "it was expected that the arboretum would be used by the forestry and landscapes departments of the Forestry College and by public school classes".REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil Appendix H</p><br>
<h3>James and Adelaide Pass</h3><br>
<p>In 1884 James Pass succeeded his father Richard Pass as superintendent and eventually president of the Onondaga Pottery Company which ultimately became Syracuse China.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 he formed a partnership with A. P. Seymour, Pass & Seymour which manufactured porcelain and electric supplies. He served as president of the U. S. Potters Association and was known to have manufactured the first X-ray machine in the Syracuse area. James Pass married Adelaide Salisbury in 1890 and had three children: Eleanor S, Richard Henry and James Salisbury.</p><br>
<p>About 1880, the Pass&#39; built a house on South Avery Avenue near Salisbury Road across from Burnet Park. The home, a traditional English Tudor, was demolished in the early 1980s for a private school. James Pass died in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Adelaide Pass was a member of the Salisbury family who had been Geddes salt makers and she grew up at the corner of South Avery Avenue and Salisbury Road. The house was later moved to Tompkins Street facing the arboretum.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Pass died 19 months after making her gift to the City. Her November 10, 1926 obituary describes her as a benefactor of worthy charity and invariably associated with every movement designed to increase health, comfort, and happiness of the less fortunate element of the community. Few women gave so freely and helpfully of money or time to charitable work in this generation."SET BURIAL OF MRS. PASS FOR FRIDAY" Syracuse Herald November 10, 1926 p29</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>In 1926 plans were drawn by Harold A. Smith and Clarence E. Howard</p><br>
<p>A survey was completed during early summer of 1926.</p><br>
<p>Grading was completed during the summer of 1927 so that planting could begin that Fall."City Starts Development of Arboretum" Syracuse Herald August 29, 1927 p2</p><br>
<p>Planting of 56 trees provided by members of the Pass family had begun by November 5, 1927. Individuals and organizations had also offered trees to be planted as memorials.BEGIN PLANTING IN PASS ARBORETUM Syracuse Herald November 5, 1927 p6</p><br>
<p>On December 9, 1928 Clarence E. Howard, chief engineer with the Planning, Parks and Recreation Commission submitted a 5 year plan of development to Mayor Charles Hanna. The first two improvements were to be construction of water mains and laterals on the grounds and erection of an ornamental fence. The plan called for 100 trees to be planted annually. Later it was planned to complete the drainage system and develop a series of walks. A lake with floral display was also contemplated. Establishment of a shrub garden and erection of a comfort station and work room would complete the project. 14</p><br>
<p>The commission of the Arboretum recommended that each year a very substantial amount be included in the bond issue for the maintenance and growth of the Arboretum until it became fully established.REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil appendix H, Chronology: Fall 1927:</p><br>
<p>The property was formally annexed by the city in early 1929.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1929 the arboretum was fenced."CITY WILL FENCE PASS ARBORETUM" Syracuse Herald March 21, 1929 p3</p><br>
<p>In October 1929 the stock market crashed and there is little documentation of progress on the 5 year plan. Most of the work documented in news reports was labor-intensive work relief projects including grading, some planting and installation of a pond with fountain in the northeast corner."City&#39;s Improvement Program Calls for Many New Projects" Syracuse Herald,</p><br>
<p>October 27, 1931</p><br>
<p>Nationwide, growth of cities, increased leisure time, rising unemployment, elimination of streets as safe play areas and increased number of retired people were all factors in the perceived need for new recreation facilities. In many cases expansions of parks was funded by the federal government which placed recreation facility development near the top of its expenditure list. Money literally poured into subsidized recreation park design and construction, often through WPA projects.</p><br>
<p>Syracuses century of progress dating from the arrival of the Erie Canal came to an end with the stock market crash in 1929. During the 1930s, the citys population decreased slightly, businesses suffered, the tax base declined and unemployment grew rapidly. Abandoning its earlier efforts at comprehensive planning, the city dissolved its Planning Commission in 1932 and turned its attention to relief programs for the thousands without jobs.</p><br>
<p>The Tuesday following Black Tuesday was election day and Syracuse elected Rowland Bristol Marvin as its new mayor. Mayor Marvin had run a campaign based upon "orderly retrenchment" and "to spend less money".</p><br>
<h3>Post-development period 1935-1964</h3><br>
<p>The Protected Site Application 1994, Revisioning an Historic Landscape 1994 and No Effort Wasted 2007No Effort Wasted Michele Buckstrup for Upstate Gardner&#39;s Journal</p><br>
<p>3200 East Avenue, Caledonia, New York 14433 published May–June 2007 Volume Thirteen Issue Three each cite the original planting plan to identify "the number of proposed taxa of trees totaled approximately four hundred and seventy four (474) representing around one hundred (100) deciduous tree species and sixty (60) coniferous tree species. And the number of proposed shrubs and small trees totaled two hundred (200) species. In addition to the tree and shrub species there were seventy six (76) proposed vines of thirteen (13) different species and the combined number of proposed perennial and ground cover species was thirty two (32). But those figures don&#39;t add up. It seems that one miscounted and the others used those figures. Another count of Appendix C of the Protected Site Application and Appendix E of Revisioning an Historic Landscape, which appear to be identical show the plan to be for 282 deciduous trees of 141 taxa, 428 conifers of 93 taxa, 3,250 shrubs of 276 taxa, 76 vines of 13 taxa and ground cover taxa to be 32 for a total of 555 woody plant species. In addition the formal shrub and hedge display section 5C of the original plan was not included in either of those appendices. Section 5C planned for 1,741 shrubs, sub-shrubs, vines and ground covers of 139 taxa. Using the plant list Appendix C from the Protected Site Application PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p22-32</p><br>
<p>and the plant list from Sec 5c it would be more accurate to say that the original plan called for 5,000 - 6,000 woody plants of over 600 species.</p><br>
<p>Aerial photographs taken in 1938 and 1964 show no significant development of the collection in the James Pass Arboretum other than trees planted before the 1938 photograph had grown.</p><br>
<p>In Revisioning an Historic Landscape the author states that only a portion of the plants in the original plan were planted and that it was not clear from the photographs how many of the shrub species had been established.REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil p49</p><br>
<p>In the Protected Site Application, the author notes, that planting had been complete by the time of the 1938 photograph. He notes that there had been a dramatic loss in species diversity by 1994 estimating that there was at least 200 trees of over 70 species and that approximately 65% of the trees present at the time of his study date back to the original planting circa 1927. He states further that of the 474 taxa on the 1927 plan 137 were present at that time. The map attached to the application showed 148 specimens of 70 species from the original planting present in 1994. He also concludes that "it is certainly possible, if not likely, that only a portion of the trees shown on the original plan ever made it into the ground".PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p5</p><br>
<p>In an April 26, 1996 newspaper article Lyle Halbert of the Parks Dept. uses the same figures as the Walmsely & Co Survey for the original 1927 planting to be 112 trees of 57 species.</p><br>
<p>In December 1936 William Gould Vinal, who had been on the faculty of the NYS College of Forestry in 1925 when plans for the arboretum were announced, wrote an article on the educational benefits of CNY parks. He sited the Dr. Edmund M. Mills rose garden in Thornden Park and noted that a Rhododendron-Azalia-Mountain Laurel thicket was planned and that in cooperation with the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry a Pinetum will also be an attraction at Thornden Park. Dr. Vinal mentioned the George Washington Memorial forest in Burnet Park, Clark Reservation State Park and Green Lakes State Parkas outdoor classrooms for nature education. No where in the article did Dr. Vinal mention the James Pass Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>A 1940 article by Frank J. Early in the Syracuse Herald Journal refers to the James Pass Arboretum as a tree sanctuary and future botanical and horticultural garden, which suggests that in 1940 the arboretum was far from actualized.</p><br>
<p>In April 1939 the Garden Gate Club donated six Magnolias to the James Pass Arboretum. A Garden Journal article in 1940 confirmed that planting but the 1967 survey by Dr Miller and Dr. Viertel of SUNY ESF notes only one Magnolia present a Magnolia stellata. The 1994 map shows no Magnolias.</p><br>
<p>The period between 1935 and 1964 have been described as "thirty fallow years. It could be said that after its establishment as an arboretum, the site directly acquired a park-like status both in terms of its management and use. Management of the site by the Parks Dept. revolved around the basic regimen of mowing, perennial pruning and removal of dead plantings. And the site was used primarily as a park by the residents of the area who continued to call it Pass Field&#39;".REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil p57</p><br>
<p>At some time during the 1960s, citing public safety, the shrub layer was removed. "Hedges and informal shrub and perennial groupings formerly lined all paths but these were removed by the 1960s. The loss of this vast array of shrubbery is perhaps the greatest change to the arboretum&#39;s character."</p><br>
<p>The City of Syracuse has no records to indicate that the arboretum was ever planted as planned. Every indication is that by 1938 the public had showed little interest in the partially planted arboretum and for that reason it was used almost exclusively as a park. There is no record of the arboretum having been used in compliance with its original educational or scientific mission. Every indication is that the community and the City of Syracuse, New York abandoned the James Pass Arboretum as an arboretum.</p><br>
<p>The Planning Parks and Recreation Commission which, in the Fall of 1927, strongly recommended that each year a substantial amount be included in the bond issue for maintenance was dissolved in 1932. Without that funding for maintenance and development, maintenance consisted of cutting grass and removing dead trees.</p><br>
<p>The problems that rose in the 1960s, 1970s and to the present all seem to be a result of the city&#39;s omissions during the 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>Attempts at restoration, revitalization and development</h3><br>
<p>At many times during the recent decades the arboretum has been the focus of renewed planning activity. While continuing to manage the arboretum and other green spaces as components of the overall Syracuse park system, the Parks Department has regularly permitted the involvement of community groups and other interested parties in implementation of specific landscape improvement projects. Pass Arboretum, like other city parks, has been the subject of several such public/private collaborations. Some projects were intended to restore the site&#39;s original mission of horticultural display and education, while other projects were more concerned with the deterioration of the site as a neighborhood park. While most rehabilitation projects have been short-lived, their cumulative effect over the decades has been substantial.PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994p14</p><br>
<h3>Botany Club SUNY-ESF 1967-1968</h3><br>
<p>"In May 1967 a rehabilitation project of the arboretum was initiated by the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Botany Club under the guidance of Prof. Edwin H. Ketchledge and with the collaboration of James Heath, Commissioner of the Parks and Recreation Department. The efforts of the Botany Club were not merely aimed at new additions. Central to this project was the vision of re-instating the arboretum&#39;s functional mission of educational and horticultural display.</p><br>
<p>Despite an enthusiastic start, the rehabilitation project, was abandoned a year and a half later in the wake of repeated incidents of vandalism. It was Dr. Ketchledges&#39;s strong belief that the persistent problem of vandalism was closely related to the issue of maintenance in the sense that vandalism could be addressed and decreased only if the Parks Department seriously took on the responsibility of increased maintenance and supervision." REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil p61-6</p><br>
<p>Maintenance efforts by the Botany Club included tree pruning, removal of dead plants, and clearing of volunteer specimens from unmown areas and around the bases of existing trees. Volunteer species include common invasive native plants such as mulberry, boxelder, black cherry, and Norway maple as well as specimens of mountain ash, red oak, English oak and others.PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p15</p><br>
<h3>Men's Garden Club of Syracuse 1972-1974</h3><br>
<p>It was the wish of the Mens Garden Club of Syracuse to commemorate past members with memorial tree plantings. Billed as a long range revitalization effort, the city supported the clubs proposal and agreed to match the club&#39;s contribution ($500. each year for five years) to the cost of plantings. By 1974 the collaboration between the Garden Club and the City had soured. The club believed that the arboretum was a low priority for the city and they realized that their $500.00 each year would make very little impact on the arboretum. There was a big difference in the Botany Club Project and that of the Garden Club in that the Botany Club attempted to direct the arboretum back to its original mission. Contributions by the Garden Club were for the most part common street trees that added very little interest to the plant collection.PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p15, 16</p><br>
<h3>City of Syracuse 1984-1986</h3><br>
<p>In April 1985 Councilor James T. Walsh was successful in encouraging the Common Council to appropriate $90,000.00 for the restoration of the arboretum ("Restoration of Pass,"). Most of the money was used to replace the iron fence and repair the stone piers.</p><br>
<p>David Tessier, the city&#39;s Director of Planning and Development notified the College of Forestry that the remaining funds of approximately $9,000, would be available for re-establishing the original planting plans, and he requested assistance from the college in choosing plant species. The extent to which this intention was carried out remains unverified since no records were found of any additional plantings during this period.REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil p68,69</p><br>
<p>At this time just as in the 1960s the community and the Parks Department saw the arboretum as "Pass Field" "a park for use" with little regard for the plant collection. The fence had become an eyesore and it was the focus of "Restoration of Pass". In 1968 Parks Commissioner Heath had recommended that the fence be removed. Mayor William F. Walsh did not act on that recommendation. Whether there would be any public perception that a "Restoration of Pass" would be necessary had Commissioner Heaths recommendation been heeded remains to be seen. As the replacement fence ages it requires more maintenance.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-80s restoration Dick Case of the Syracuse Herald Journal wrote in a July 8, 1985 column "If there is a project worth doing, it is a campaign to make the James Pass Arboretum what it was meant to be." Apparently Case, did not realize that there was absolutely no demand for an arboretum in the community and the closer people were to Pass Field the less likely they would be to see an arboretum as a great cultural advancement. In the column Case cites Parks Planning Chief David Tessier as saying "the work was done in yearly phases and all of the work was completed". Tessiers statement conflicts with the assessments made by the authors of REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM and PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board, the 1991 Walmsely Survey and the City&#39;s 2001 Community Forest Restoration Project Resource Guide all of whom state that it is likely that only a portion was planted. Once again the omissions of the City after the 1932 dissolution of the Planning Board is the basis of the problems in subsequent decades.</p><br>
<h3>USDA-Forest Service N.E. Forest Experiment Station 1991-1994</h3><br>
<p>In 1991 Walmsley & Co. completed a survey of four Syracuse Parks as historic landscapes and one of those parks was Pass Arboretum. There were conflicting deductions in the survey but among the observations was that "Although this park has lost a significant number of species, it is still a pleasing landscape with above-average diversity of trees which makes it an interesting collection. Certainly, the educational purposes could be augmented with name tags, nature trails and supplementary plantings. If its original function can be reinstated, as is strongly suggested, then its landmark consideration merits favorable review." REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM</p><br>
<p>Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil</p><br>
<p>Appendix H</p><br>
<p>It seems that the involvement of the USDA Forest Service was a direct response to that recommendation. In 1992 a proposal made by the USDA Forest Service NE Forest Experiment Station to the NE/NA Civil Rights Committee to provide funds for tree ID labels, a trail brochure and display boards, was approved along with $1,200.00 funding.</p><br>
<p>Identification labels for thirty highlighted species were installed on Arbor Day 1993. Also on that day the Parks Dept installed a wooden box for the brochures. A display case was later installed in spring of 1994.REVISIONING AN HISTORIC LANDSCAPE THE JAMES PASS ARBORETUM Syracuse, New York. Typed and bound project report, 279 pages, 7 tables, 97 figures, 1994 Aida A. Khalil</p><br>
<p>Appendix H</p><br>
<p>"The project proved to be the most effective effort to date to restore the arboretum&#39;s original mission of public education."</p><br>
<p>Vandalism of labels which occurs once in a while had been somewhat counteracted by the persistent efforts of the Forest Experiment station staff members to replace damaged or missing labels. A vandalism resistant label was used and many remain intact in 2013. while some have been vandalized The Forest Service&#39;s involvement ended once the arboretum became a protected site. There is no one servicing tags which can become a problem as trees grow.</p><br>
<h3>Protected historic landmark designation</h3><br>
<p>On November 30, 1994, just four months after the application 7 PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 Gary Gerew of the Syracuse Herald Journal wrote that the Syracuse Parks Department and the City Department of Community Development received approval of the city planning commission to designate five parks as protected historic landmarks. The James Pass Arboretum was one of those sites.</p><br>
<p>Lyle Halbert a Landscape Architect with the Parks Department explained that it was to keep the land from future development. "I think this designation will give the areas a little more sense of presence and let people know what jewels these spots are." On the arboretum Halbert said "it has never really assumed its full potential as an arboretum".</p><br>
<p>The James Pass Arboretum was determined to be historically significant by its association with James Pass a historically significant person PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p9</p><br>
<p>and because it is "locally significant as one of the only examples in Syracuse of a landscape designed primarily for educational purposes." PROTECTED SITE APPLICATION PART C, SECTION VII ZONING RULES AND REGULATIONS for Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board</p><br>
<p>by Marc Morfei Landscape & Prospect Landscape Architects and Cultural Resource Planners 239 E. Water Street, Syracuse, New York 13202 July 1994 p9,17</p><br>
<h3>Volunteer arborists April 20, 1996</h3><br>
<p>Michael Grimm and a group of fellow New York State Arborists "took their saws and bucket trucks to Pass to give some hurting and hoary trees much-needed care. They tnmmed dead limbs so they wouldnt fall on someones head — hazard tnmming — and thinned trees whose branches had grown into a light-blocking tangle."</p><br>
<p>"Lots more could be done there," Grimm said. "Fact of the matter is, the Pass Arboretum has been neglected for many, many years." Lyle Halbert, the city&#39;s landscape</p><br>
<p>architect, wouldn&#39;t argue. "We do what we can," he said on a walk through the arboretum one gray, chilly day. The city tree crew is spread thin, caring for trees that line city streets and shade its 80-odd, mostly small parks.</p><br>
<p>Halbert would like to see people who walk their dogs or let their kids play at Pass care more for the place, "watch over it".</p><br>
<h3>Neighborhood citizen volunteers 1997-2006</h3><br>
<p>An article in the May–June Upstate Gardeners Journal on Pass Arboretum described the ten year experience between 1997 and 2006 of Tim Regin of Tipperary Hill in his effort to revitalize the arboretum.No Effort Wasted Michele Buckstrup for Upstate Gardners Journal</p><br>
<p>3200 East Avenue, Caledonia, New York 14433 published May–June 2007 Volume Thirteen Issue Three</p><br>
<p>His experience in the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, where he was a "Friend of the Arnold Arboretum" and Highland Park in Rochester, where he was a member of the" Highland Park Conservancy", led him to believe that the people of Syracuse had been deprived of the kind of enrichment that was enjoyed by the people of Boston and Rochester.</p><br>
<p>He began modestly by attending the annual plant sale at the Arnold Arboretum where he would acquire woody plants to donate to the Pass Arboretum. He used his yard as a nursery to develop that plant material for transplant.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 he was told that the Arboretum had been designated a historical protected site and that nothing could be planted that was not part of the original planting. He then asked for and copied the original plan plans drawn by Harold A. Smith and Clarence E. Howard in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Study of that plan confirmed his belief that the people of Syracuse had been impoverished by the City&#39;s failures.</p><br>
<p>From that time until December 2006 he used the Smith-Howard plan as a template for development and concentrated on the acquisition of woody plants that had been planned.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Regin was a member and participant in CANOPY a group of volunteers working in public green spaces and in 2002 he was in the first class of Communitree Stewards a volunteer group operating through Cornell Cooperative Extension where in 2002 he was singled out for recognition for sheer volume of volunteer work. On a number of occasions he received correspondence from the Parks Department, Community Groups and other government entities which identified him as the Steward of the James Pass Arboretum a position that he never sought. A February 2002 service plan was completed using an adopt-a-lot application.</p><br>
<p>During 2001 and 2002 he attended several workshops in Woody Plant Propagation at the Arnold Arboretum. He had established relationships with staff at the Arnold Arboretum and Highland Park and was confident that he could acquire seeds and/or cuttings so that in time and adequate nursery space he could complete the collection at the James Pass Arboretum</p><br>
<p>Also in 2000 he acquired approval to remove woody invasive growth beginning with growth that was causing actual damage to specimens in the living collection of the arboretum and may ultimately displace those specimens.</p><br>
<p>Later he cleared areas of feral growth because it was unsightly.</p><br>
<p>Once cleared of woody invasive he would weed those areas while working to establish ground cover to discourage the regeneration of feral growth.</p><br>
<p>He would mulch the area around young trees so that lawn machines would not have to get close. Still in 2002 five trees were killed by reckless maintenance</p><br>
<p>For that reason he took additional steps to discourage damage. It was his belief that the recklessness of individuals was less a problem than the method and incentives of maintenance.</p><br>
<p>After much frustration, in October 2004 he made a presentation to the Tipperary Hill Neighborhood Association in an attempt to show the benefit to the neighborhood that the arboretum, if saved and developed could provide.</p><br>
<p>It was his belief at the time that the Association responded with enthusiasm and expressed an intention to be helpful. While they expressed doubt that they had many members with the skill and knowledge to help with much they would at least annually rake leaves and pick up the area so that it would look better.</p><br>
<p>The Association also began beautification of the grounds with flowers.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 2006 the association was able to convince Commissioner of Parks Patrick Driscoll that they were better suited to beautify the park than Mr Regin and that he was not sufficiently supportive of beautification.</p><br>
<p>It had been his wish to stop the destruction of the arboretum by eliminating the proliferation of self seeded woody plants, bolstering maintenance to create conditions that would mitigate damage from reckless maintenance. Develop the living collection of the arboretum by purchase and propagation of new plant material using the 1926 Smith-Howard plan as a guide.</p><br>
<h3>Save the Rain - Onondaga County</h3><br>
<p>"Save the Rain" is a green infrastructure program initiated by Onondaga County to bring the county into compliance with a consent judgment to protect Onondaga Lake. The county was able to get Federal and State Funding to divert rain run-off rain with associated pollutants away from storm sewers and ultimately Onondaga Lake particularly during heavy rainstorms or snowmelt.</p><br>
<p>The flower gardens at the arboretum are big—the larger one is 93,000 square feet, the smaller is 25,000 square feet—and contain about 20,000 plants according to Zach Monge. "Rain, rain go this way" Syracuse Post Standard August 25, 1012, Gloria Wright</p><br>
<p>The two rain gardens were estimated to capture 746,000 gallons of water annually at an estimated cost of $316,420.</p><br>
<p>This project was designed with consideration for historic preservation and was approved by the City of Syracuse Landmark Preservation Board. The new plantings in Pass Arboretum were chosen according to the vegetation historically found in this park.</p><br>
<p>Project management used a news story in the Syracuse New Times to explain the project to the community.</p><br>
<p>The article describes the arboretum as a "12 acre tree preserve".</p><br>
<p>The planners operating with the belief that the neighborhood has " strong affinity for the rolling landscape of the little park," sought "buy in" from the Tipperary Hill Neighborhood Association. and were influenced by the Association&#39;s belief that the little park should be beautified with flowers to be more suitable for recreational use.</p><br>
<h2>Plantings</h2><br>
<h3>Deciduous trees</h3><br>
<p>By 2010, some of the varieties of trees that remained included a wide list of trees and shrubs. Some of the trees and shrubs were labeled, however, much of the signage "vanished years ago."</p><br>
<p>Acer campestre - Hedge Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer negundo - Boxelder</p><br>
<p>Acer platanoides - Norway Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer platanoides Schwedleri Schwedler Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer rubrum - Red Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer saccharum - Sugar Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer saccharinum - Silver Maple</p><br>
<p>Acer tataricum - Tatarian Maple</p><br>
<p>Amelanchier arborea - Shadblow</p><br>
<p>Betula papyrifera - Paper Birch</p><br>
<p>Betula nigra - River Birch</p><br>
<p>Carya laciniosa - Shellbark Hickory</p><br>
<p>Catalpa bungei - Manchurian Catalpa</p><br>
<p>Celtis occidentalis - Hackberry</p><br>
<p>Chionanthus virginicus - White Fringetree</p><br>
<p>Cladrastis kentukea - Yellowwood</p><br>
<p>Crataegus crus-galli - Cockspur Hawthorne</p><br>
<p>Crataegus mollis - Downy Hawthorne aka Crataegus arkansana</p><br>
<p>Crataegus nitida - Glossy Hawthorne</p><br>
<p>Crataegus phaenopyrum - Washington Hawthorne</p><br>
<p>Diospyros virginiana - Persimmon</p><br>
<p>Fagus grandifolia - American Beech</p><br>
<p>Fagus sylvatica - European Beech</p><br>
<p>Fraxinus excelsior - European Ash</p><br>
<p>Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Green Ash</p><br>
<p>Ginkgo biloba - Ginkgo</p><br>
<p>Gleditsia triacanthos - Honeylocust</p><br>
<p>Gymnocladus dioicus - Kentucky coffeetree</p><br>
<p>Juglans cinerea - Butternut</p><br>
<p>Juglans nigra - Black Walnut</p><br>
<p>Kalopanax pictus - Castor Aralia</p><br>
<p>Liriodendron tulipifera - Tuliptree</p><br>
<p>Magnolia x soulangeana - Saucer Magnolia</p><br>
<p>Malus spp. - Crabapple</p><br>
<p>Morus alba - White Mulberry</p><br>
<p>Nyssa sylvatica - Tupelo</p><br>
<p>Phellodendron amurense - Amur Corktree</p><br>
<p>Platanus x acerifolia - London Planetree</p><br>
<p>Platanus occidentalis - Sycamore</p><br>
<p>Populus deltoides - Eastern Cottonwood</p><br>
<p>Prunus serotina - Black Cherry</p><br>
<p>Prunus triloba - Double-flowering Plum</p><br>
<p>Pyrus calleryana - Callery Pear</p><br>
<p>Pyrus pyrifolia - Chinese Sand Pear</p><br>
<p>Pyrus ussuriensis - Ussurian Pear</p><br>
<p>Quercus alba - White Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus bicolor - Swamp White Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus coccinea - Scarlet Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus imbricaria - Laurel Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus macrocarpa - Bur Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus palustris - Pin Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus prinus - Chestnut Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus robur - English Oak</p><br>
<p>Quercus rubra - Red Oak</p><br>
<p>Quecus velutina - Black Oak</p><br>
<p>Robinia pseudoacacia - Black Locust</p><br>
<p>Rhus copallinum - Shiny Sumac</p><br>
<p>Tilia americana - Basswood</p><br>
<p>Tilia cordata - Little-leaf Linden</p><br>
<p>Ulmus pumila - Siberian Elm</p><br>
<h3>Conifers</h3><br>
<p>Abies concolor - White Fir</p><br>
<p>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Port Orford Cedar</p><br>
<p>Chamaecyparis obtusa - Hinoki Falsecypress</p><br>
<p>Chamaecyparis pisifera Filifera - Threadleaf Falsecypress</p><br>
<p>Chamaecyparis pisifera Plumosa - Plume Falsecypress</p><br>
<p>Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper</p><br>
<p>Larix kaempferi - Japanese Larch</p><br>
<p>Metasequoia glyptostroboides - Dawn Redwood</p><br>
<p>Picea abies - Norway Spruce</p><br>
<p>Picea engelmanii - Engelmann Spruce</p><br>
<p>Picea glauca - White Spruce</p><br>
<p>Picea omorika - Serbian Spruce</p><br>
<p>Picea pungens - Colorado Spruce</p><br>
<p>Picea sitchensis - Sitka Spruce</p><br>
<p>Pinus nigra - Austrian Black Pine</p><br>
<p>Pinus resinosa - Red Pine</p><br>
<p>Pinus sylvestris - Scotch Pine</p><br>
<p>Platycladus orientalisPlatycladus orientalis - Oriental Arborvitae</p><br>
<p>Oriental Arborvitae</p><br>
<p>Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas Fir</p><br>
<p>Taxodium ascendens - Pond Cypress</p><br>
<p>Taxodium distichum - Baldcypress</p><br>
<p>Taxus cuspidata - Japanese Yew</p><br>
<p>Thuja occidentalis - Eastern Arborvitae</p><br>
<p>Thuja plicata - Western Arborvitae</p><br>
<p>Thuja standishii - Japanese Arborvitae</p><br>
<h3>Shrubs, small trees and vines</h3><br>
<p>The arboretum also has shrubs, vines and plantings such as</p><br>
<p>Amelanchier canadensis - Shadbush Serviceberry</p><br>
<p>Cornus alternifolia - Pagoda Dogwood -</p><br>
<p>Cornus florida - Flowering Dogwood</p><br>
<p>Cornus sericea - Redosier Dogwood</p><br>
<p>Deutzia scabra - Pride of Rochester</p><br>
<p>Deutzia gracilis - Slender Deutzia</p><br>
<p>Diervilla lonicera - Bush Honeysuckle</p><br>
<p>Eleutherococcus sieboldianus - 5 leaf aralia</p><br>
<p>Forsythia x intermedia - Border Forsythia</p><br>
<p>Hibiscus syriacus - Rose of Sharon</p><br>
<p>Hydrangea paniculata - Panicle Hydrangea</p><br>
<p>Kolkwitzia amabilis - Beauty Bush</p><br>
<p>Lonicera tatarica - Honeysuckle</p><br>
<p>Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Virginia Creeper</p><br>
<p>Philadelphus coronarius- Sweet Mockorange</p><br>
<p>Philadelphus x lemoine- Lemoine Mockorange</p><br>
<p>Philadelphus virginalis - Virginal Mockorange</p><br>
<p>Rhamnus cathartica - Common Buckthorn</p><br>
<p>Rubus - Blackberry</p><br>
<p>Viburnum lentago - Nannyberry</p><br>
<p>Vitis vinifera - Grape</p><br>
<p>Camerton Court is a historic house in the village of Camerton, Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The country house was built in 1835, designed by George Repton. It is constructed from ashlar, with a slate and concrete tiled roof. The building is two storeys with a porte-cochère with Tuscan columns at the front. From the garden the building has an octastyle colonnade with Ionic order columns, with a conservatory to the left. The remains of the previous house was turned into a stable block, but has since been converted into a separate home.</p><br>
<p>The 8.1 hectare gardens were laid out in 1835 but was extensively remodelled in the 1980s. the majority of the estate is parkland but there is a kitchen garden on the approach to the house, as well a small orchard. There are also a number of greenhouses on the site. The formal gardens include ornamental structures, a canal, gazebos and a pond with fountain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There has been a manor at Camerton since the reign of Alfred the Great, who granted the manor to the monks of Glastonbury. After the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror granted the manor to the Earl of Morton, who traded back to the monks of Glastonbury. The monks largely held the manor until 14th century, when it was passed between the Dinham and Paulton families. The Carew family held the manor between the 15th century and 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The present house was built by John Jarrett, who purchased the property in the early 19th century. Violin maker Henry Lye worked as a carpenter at the estate for fifty six years.</p><br>
<p>The Bowstones are a pair of Anglian cross shafts in Cheshire, England. Situated beside the old ridgeway between Disley and Macclesfield overlooking Lyme Park, the Cheshire Plain, the city of Manchester and the hills of the Peak District, they are a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>The western shaft is 1.22 metres high and tapers from circumference of 1.25m at the base to 0.86m at the top. The eastern shaft is 0.98m high and has a circumference of 1.27m. Both are decorated with interlaced carvings in a style that indicates a date of the 10th century or earlier. There is some later lettering engraved. Their round cross section and their erection as a pair is unusual for crosses of this era. They may have been moved their current location in the 16th century by Sir Piers Legh of Lyme Hall. Two stone cross heads on display at the hall may have originally surmounted the shafts.</p><br>
<p>Local legend states that the name is derived from their use by Robin Hood and his men to re-string their bows.</p><br>
<p>Their location on a prominent ridgeline on the edge of the Peak District National Park with extensive views, near to the popular visitor attraction of Lyme Park and by the crossing of several public footpaths and a minor road make them a well-visited site.</p><br>
<p>Mernoq Island is an uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With brief intervals of no permanent settlement, Mernoq Island was inhabited between 1891, when the Kuuk settlement was founded, and 1972, when it was abandoned. Kuuk was perched on the southern end of the island, at the Qernertunnguaq cape.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mernoq Island is located in Tasiusaq Bay, in the north-central part of Upernavik Archipelago. It is sandwiched between Qullikorsuit Island in the north − from which it is separated by the Mernup Tunua strait − Paornivik Island in the northeast, and Tuttorqortooq Island in the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The island is hilly, but not mountainous; the highest point is an unnamed hill of 386 m in the center of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Coastline</h3><br>
<p>The coastline of the island is generally undeveloped, with two shallow, unnamed bays in the east.</p><br>
<h4>Promontories</h4><br>
<p>Cubillas Reservoir is a reservoir in the province of Granada, Andalusia, Spain.</p><br>
<p>The Cubillas reservoir is placed between Sierra Elvira, the Colomeras mountains, and Sierra Arana (also known as Sierra Harana). The perimeter of the reservoir runs through the municipalities of Albolote and Atarfe in the province of Granada.</p><br>
<p>The water that supplies the reservoir mainly comes from the river Cubillas, which gives the name to the reservoir. It was built in a shallow valley, in a river which carries many sediments, which further decreased the depth of the valley. Its upper limit is the wall of the dam which connects the river Cubillas with the one from Colomera. Its lower limit is the wall of the dam. Its length is around 2300m; and its width, 800m. Its maximum depth is around 20m.</p><br>
<p>In the environment surrounding the reservoir, there are areas of crops, olive groves, alleys, vacant lots and abandoned hamlets.</p><br>
<p>Access to the reservoir is via the old road of Jaén, exit number 116 of the A-44.</p><br>
<p>Qallunaat Island  is an uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Qallunaat Island was briefly inhabited between 1898, when the Sarfaq settlement was founded, and 1919, when it was abandoned. Sarfaq was perched on the low-lying northern end of the island, at the shores of Kangerlussuaq Icefjord.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Qallunaat Island is located in Tasiusaq Bay, in the north-central part of Upernavik Archipelago. It is separated from Tuttorqortooq Island by the Qaqqakassaup Ikerasaa strait in the north, from the mainland of Greenland by the Kangerlussuaq Icefjord in the northeast, and by channels of Tasiusaq Bay from Nuuluk Island in the east, Nutaarmiut Island in the south, and Mattaangassut Island in the west.</p><br>
<p>The island is hilly in its southern part, falling to the sea with red, silver, and light-colored cliffs. At 340 m, Inngik is the highest mountain on the island, located in the western part of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Coastline</h3><br>
<p>The coastline of the island is developed, with many inlets indenting the coastline, particularly in its northern part.</p><br>
<h4>Promontories</h4><br>
<p>The Log Cabin at present-day 1805 Hancock Street in Bellevue, Nebraska was built in the 1830s, and is commonly acknowledged as the oldest building in Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A trapper built the log cabin around 1835 in the Missouri River floodplains, and around 1850 it was moved to its present-day location. It was used as a residence until 1954, occupied by just three families from 1856 to 1950.</p><br>
<p>The building was one and a half stories tall with a bedroom in the loft. Hand-hewn cottonwood logs surrounded a dirt floor and fireplace. In 1906 a kitchen and pantry were added to the east side; in 1972, a basement was dug and the main floor was restored. Today, the Sarpy County Historical Society maintains the building in near-original condition as a memorial to the living conditions of the pioneers.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Nuuluk Island  is an uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nuuluk Island is located in Tasiusaq Bay, in the north-central part of Upernavik Archipelago, on the shores of the inner reaches of Kangerlussuaq Icefjord, which in the northeast separates it from Giesecke Glacier on the mainland of Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The island is separated from Anarusuk Island in the southeast by a small Ikerasaarsuk channel. The inner waterways of Tasiusaq Bay separate it from Qallunaat Island in the northwest, Saattorsuaq Island in the west, and Aappilattoq Island in the south.</p><br>
<h3>Coastline</h3><br>
<p>The highest point on the island is a 390 m hill in the southern part of the island. The coastline of the island is undeveloped, with Iterlissuaq bay the only indentiation in the north.</p><br>
<p>Carrickgollogan is a hill in County Dublin in Republic of Ireland. It is 276 m high and rises above the village of Shankill on the eastern edge of the Dublin Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The author Weston St. John Joyce, writing in The Neighbourhood of Dublin (1912), described the vista as "a fine view is obtained of Bray, Howth, Dalkey, and Killiney, the vale of Shanganagh, and Bray Head and town. Between the observer and the sea will be seen Loughlinstown, looking very closely built from this point, like the towns of medieval times, which were built within as small an area as possible, so as to reduce the circuit of the enclosing wall. To the westward will be seen the wooded hill of Barnaslingan, forming the eastern side of the Scalp, beyond that the Two and Three Rock Mountains, and south of these the higher Wicklow hills – War Hill, Djouce, and Duff Hill".</p><br>
<p>The geological composition of the summit is predominantly quartzite. The high ground is a mixture of heathland and commercial forestry while the lower slopes are mainly farmland. The forest on the mountain is mixed woodland including Lodgepole pine, Noble fir, Japanese larch, Lawson cypress, Scots pine, birch and beech trees and is a habitat for badgers, rabbits and a variety of birds. The area around the summit includes a number of sites of historical interest including the former lead works at Ballycorus and the ruined church and round tower at Rathmichael.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ballycorus leadmines</h3><br>
<p>The most distinctive landmark to the north of the summit is the ruins of the flue chimney of the former lead works at Ballycorus. Open-cast mining began at this site, just below the western side of the flue chimney, around 1807 and the site was taken over by the Mining Company of Ireland (MCI) in 1826 who undertook underground mining in the area intermittently up until 1863. However, most of the activity at Ballycorus occurred at the smelting facility constructed by MCI in the valley below the mine workings. After the mine was exhausted in the 1860s, the smelting facilities continued to receive and process ore from MCI&#39;s mines at Glendalough, County Wicklow. In the 1880s it was no longer commercially viable to process Irish ores and the smelter was put to work processing ore from the Great Laxey mine in the Isle of Man up until closure in 1913.</p><br>
<p>A process had been discovered in the 1770s whereby lead could be extracted from the fumes emitted by reverberatory furnaces if the vapours could be trapped long enough to precipitate the lead. To this end a flue 1+1/4 mi long running from the lead works and terminating at a chimney near the summit of Carrickgollogan was constructed in 1836. The distinctive granite flue chimney with its external spiral staircase and viewing platform quickly became a noted landmark and was marked on Admiralty charts as a point of reference for mariners. Photographic records show that the flue chimney was originally much taller with an extra brick section, now dismantled, rising above the viewing platform. It is the only example of such a flue and chimney to have been built in Ireland. Weston St. John Joyce noted that the flue was "stated to be one of the best constructed in the United Kingdom". The precipitated lead deposits were scraped out of the flue by hand and many of the workers subsequently died of lead poisoning, giving the surrounding area the nickname "Death Valley".</p><br>
<p>As well as the remains of the flue chimney, a number of buildings from the smelting works situated in the valley below also survive to the present day. These industrial buildings, all built from granite, include furnaces, purification tanks, lime kilns, stores, workers cottages and managers house. Many of these buildings are now private residences. A shot tower, built in 1857, has also survived. An earlier shot tower – described by Joyce as "a handsome and substantial structure, having a spiral stairs within, terminating in an artistic iron veranda on the outside" – built in 1829 no longer survives.</p><br>
<h3>Rathmichael old church and round tower</h3><br>
<p>Further down the slopes to the north of the summit lies Rathmichael where the ruins of a church and round tower are found enclosed within the remains of what would once have been one of the largest ringforts in Ireland. The church dates from Norman times but the presence of the round tower and ringfort indicates that the site dates back to early Christian times. The entrance to the ringfort was 8 ft in width and had an arched gateway. The ring wall and mound is approximately 350 ft in diameter and its size suggests the site was the base for an important chieftain. Within the enclosure would have lain a small quadrangular church and a number of monastic huts.</p><br>
<p>Only the base of the round tower, 2 m high, remains. It has a circumference of 51 ft. The tower is known locally as "The Skull Hole", a reference to the occasion when skulls and bones from the adjoining burial ground were deposited there rather than being re-interred when the graveyard was cleared to create additional space. There is a story of an underground passage that leads from the round tower to the sea and of a piper who descended into the passage playing his instrument never to be seen again. The remains of a passage – possibly a souterrain – have been found close to the tower.</p><br>
<p>All that remains of the church is the east gable of a thirteenth-century chancel and the south wall of a twelfth-century nave. The church has lain in ruins since the end of the seventeenth century. It is noted for its collection of grave slabs or leacs known as the Rathdown stones, nine examples of which can be found at the old church in Rathmichael attached to the south wall. Thirty-two examples of these slabs are known around the Rathdown area and are found nowhere else in Ireland. No two stones are the same but share similar types of decoration in the form of concentric circles, cup marks and herring-bone patterns. It was once thought that these slabs dated to pre-Christian times but subsequent research has shown them to have been influenced by Norsemen art styles and they are now believed to be gravemarkers of Norsemen Christians.</p><br>
<p>Along Rathmichael Lane, which once would have led to the old Rathmichael Church, is a twelfth-century cross with a Crucifixion scene in high relief set in a granite boulder base. This is one of a series of crosses – known as the Fassaroe Crosses – to be found in the locality, all of which are believed to have been the work of the same stonemason. The base is in its original location but the cross itself was found in the remains of the church in neighbouring Kiltuck and reunited with its base in 1910. The cross is unusual in that there is a Crucifixion scene on both faces. Competing theories for the purpose of the cross are that it marked a route between the churches at Rathmichael and Kiltuck or that it marked the site of another, now long gone, church. There is a story associated with this cross involving General George Cockburn of Shanganagh Castle who was a noted collector of antiquities. Cockburn coveted the cross and dispatched two men to retrieve it for his collection. When they attempted to move the artefact a great wind blew up and heavy rain fell. They succeeded in loading it onto their cart but then their horse bolted and they had to pull the cart themselves. Finally, a serious accident occurred to one of the men while unloading the cross and further misfortune befell his family.</p><br>
<h3>Puck's Castle</h3><br>
<p>Also to the north is the ruins of a fortified dwelling known as "Pucks Castle". The origin of the name may be related to the story of a fairy (or púca) piper said to hop from rock to rock playing his pipe or it may refer to the feral goats that inhabit the hills. Francis Erlington Ball in A History of the County Dublin suggests that the building was erected around 1537 by Peter Talbot to defend the lands from incursions by the OToole clan. It is a small rectangular building, 6.7 m by 4.5 m internally, two stories high with 1.3 m thick walls. James II visited the castle following the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 while his army was camped at nearby Lehaunstown and left a gift of silver for his host, Peter Lawless. An engraving by George Petrie around 1819 shows two thatched cottages built onto one side of the castle.</p><br>
<h3>Alcock memorial</h3><br>
<p>To the south of the summit is a plaque embedded in the rockface containing a memorial to a Doctor Nathaniel Alcock erected by his daughters in 1914. The inscription reads, "To the Memory of One who Worshipped Here. Doctor Nathaniel Alcock Died April 4, 1904 in His 65th Year. "A Wise Man is Never so busy as in the Solitary Contemplation of God And the Worship of Nature" Seneca. Erected by his Two Friends".</p><br>
<h3>Prehistoric monuments</h3><br>
<p>Fieldwork carried out by the Ordnance Survey in the nineteenth century indicates that there were several prehistoric monuments on or near Carrickgollogan. Little evidence of them remains today. A structure of three stones in a trilithon arrangement lies in a field to the south of the summit and it is uncertain as to whether this is the remains of a wedge tomb or a portal tomb. On the east side of the mountain a wedge tomb with a 2.35 m long gallery was discovered during the laying of a gas pipeline. It has since been reburied.</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Carrickgollogan lies within a Coillte-owned forest recreation area which is managed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. There are approximately 8 km of trails in the recreation area, including a waymarked trail called the Lead Mines Way. There is also a permanent orienteering course. Carrickgollogan is also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Farm Petroglyphs are a group of petroglyphs in the southwestern part of the USA state of Pennsylvania. Located on a boulder in Jefferson Township in the northwestern portion of Fayette County, it has been known to archaeologists since at least the middle of the nineteenth century. Despite damage in the 1930s, it remains an important archaeological site, and accordingly, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Creation</h2><br>
<p>Although it is certain that the Francis Farm site was produced by Native Americans, a more precise identification is believed to be impossible. Archaeologists have proposed that the creators were such peoples as the Monongahela or the ancestors of the Shawnee, both of whom are known to have inhabited southwestern Pennsylvania during the latter portions of the Woodland period.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The petroglyph site is located on a large outcrop in Jefferson Township, approximately 2.6 mi west of Perryopolis and 5.2 mi north of Brownsville; its elevation is 1,140 ft. This outcrop is a roughly rectangular piece of Dunkard-series sandstone, measuring 6.3 m from north to south and 5.7 m from east to west. Its upper surface, upon which the petroglyphs are carven, slants toward the ground; the western end rises 3.2 m above the surface, while the eastern edge is level with the surface of the ground. Several similar boulders lie in the petroglyphs immediate vicinity, although none feature Native American petroglyphs. The site lies in the middle of woodlands; trees and brush grow up to the stones edge.</p><br>
<h2>Petroglyphs</h2><br>
<p>Six different outcrops on the Francis Farm have been used for the creation of petroglyphs, although only one today bears Native American carvings. One other boulder, located to the east of the primary stone, once bore similar Native American carvings, however, local residents have reported that it was destroyed in the 1930s, while the surrounding land was being quarried for the construction of a road. Incisions on the other four stones remain in fine condition; however, they are clearly modern works, for among their inscriptions are various Latin letters and depictions of firearms.</p><br>
<p>At least sixteen different carvings are present on the primary outcrop, divided into seven different categories: artifacts, geometric figures, the human body, mammals, reptiles, a shape resembling the letter "W," and various small pits. Some of the carvings include multiple parts; for example, design 13 is composed of seven small pits, also known as "nut-cracker holes". The most common subject is the human body; designs 2 and 10 depict a complete human form, while designs 1 and 15 are images of human heads. Other images include what is believed to be the mythological "spirit otter" (design 5), a four-footed animal (design 6), and a rattlesnake (design 11). What has been called the letter "W", which also has been found at other petroglyph sites, may be an abstract form; archaeologist James L. Swauger called it a "W" for the sake of simplicity. A small number of carvings, such as arrows and hook-like shapes, are believed to be the work of recent vandals.</p><br>
<p>The presence of amorphous shapes among the carvings is typical of Native American petroglyphs. Although their meanings are not known, their resemblance to shapes found at similar sites elsewhere in the upper Ohio River valley indicates that many of these sites were produced by the same, or similar cultures. Other designs common to these petroglyphs include the shapes and the footprints of birds, humans, and other mammals.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Francis Farm Petroglyphs have been known since at least the middle of the nineteenth century. Written in 1843, Sherman Day&#39;s Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania makes reference to the site, as do authors from 1893, 1930, and 1934. Carnegie Museum of Natural History archaeologist James Swauger officially documented the site in late 1958. Despite this widespread documentation, the site has remained remarkably free from damage; natural processes have eroded it somewhat, and Swauger was unable to find certain elements documented by previous surveys, but these aspects are exceptions: almost all designs present in early renditions of the site remain easily distinguished today.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the European settlement of southwestern Pennsylvania, several petroglyphs were present within Fayette County&#39;s present boundaries. Among the sites that survived into modern times were ones known as the New Geneva Petroglyphs, the Petroglyphs Opposite Millsboro, and the Dunn Farm Petroglyphs. Many sites in the upper Ohio River valley, including several in Fayette County, were destroyed in the late twentieth century, making the Francis Farm site extremely valuable for future students of Native American petroglyphy. Because of their archaeological value, the Francis Farm Petroglyphs were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Barnaslingan is a 238 m high hill in County Dublin, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The Scalp is a narrow glacial valley formed approximately 12,000 years ago during the last Ice Age. During this period a massive ice sheet covered the Irish Sea extending inland over the Dublin-Wicklow Mountains. As the ice melted several glacial lakes formed, including one at Enniskerry, enclosed by the mountains and the ice sheet.</p><br>
<p>The route of the R117 road passes through The Scalp between Kilternan and Enniskerry. Even though the floor of the valley is quite narrow, a small number of buildings are situated along the roadside. The most prominent of these is the Scalp Service Station; prior to 1963 this was a ballroom called “The New Era”. Another house, now a private residence, was a tea room called “Butler&#39;s Tea House”.</p><br>
<p>Overlooking the area is the Kilternan Golf and Country Club which first opened as a hotel in 1970. It is built around a nineteenth-century house called Springfield which was once the home of the poet and mathematician George Darley (1795-1846). In 2001 the hotel was purchased by the hotelier and developer Hugh ORegan who commenced a major redevelopment and expansion of the property. Although the work is 90 percent complete, Mr ORegan&#39;s companies went into liquidation in 2009 and its future is uncertain. The land around the hotel is also the site of a dry ski slope and headquarters of the Ski Club of Ireland; it continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>Barnaslingan lies within a Coillte-owned forest recreation area which is managed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. There are a number of waymarked walking trails in the woods as well as a permanent orienteering course. Barnaslingan is also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way.</p><br>
<p>Clones Abbey is a ruined monastery that later became an Augustinian abbey in the twelfth century, and its main sights are ecclesiastical. The Abbey was formerly known as St. Tighernach Abbey, and was referred to locally as the "wee abbey". Parochial and monastic settlements were separated, and it seems likely that the building became the Abbey of St. Peter and Paul.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Protestant reformation lead to the suppression of the monasteries by Henry VIII in the 16th century, and the monastic settlement in Clones was destroyed. By the 17th century the abbey was a ruin, but solitary monks continued to live in the locality up until the 18th century. An English garrison was later established within the ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Style</h2><br>
<p>The church is Romanesque in style and is evidence of the Roman church in Clones. The round-headed window is interesting, the head of which was cut out of a single stone. On the northern wall there is a small Celtic cross sculptured in relief on a stone.</p><br>
<p>Itissaalik Island  is a small, uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Itissaalik Island was inhabited, although not continuously. Between 1904-1909, a small settlement of the same name (also spelled Itussaalik) was established on the island. It was repopulated again in 1911, and finally abandoned in 1957, during the post-war consolidation phase in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Itissaalik Island is located in the northern part of Upernavik Archipelago, in the northern part of Sugar Loaf Bay, an indentiation of Baffin Bay. The island is part of a chain of small islands off the southern coast of Nuussuaq Peninsula. Other islands in the chain include Sugar Loaf Island, Timilersua Island, and Saarlia to the southwest of Itissaalik − and Paornarqortuut and Inussulikassak to the northeast. The closest settlement is Nuussuaq, approximately 10 km to the west-north-west of the island.</p><br>
<p>Timilersua Island  is a small, uninhabited island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Timilersua Island is located in the northern part of Upernavik Archipelago, in the northern part of Sugar Loaf Bay, an indentiation of Baffin Bay. The island is part of a chain of small islands off the southern coast of Nuussuaq Peninsula. Other islands in the chain include Sugar Loaf Island, immediately to the west of Timilersua − and Saarlia, Paornarqortuut, Itissaalik Island and Inussulikassak to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The closest settlement is Nuussuaq, approximately 11 km to the north-west-north of the island. The channel between Sugar Loaf Island and Timilersua lies on the old maritime route from Upernavik, through the islands of Tasiusaq Bay, to Kullorsuaq in Melville Bay.</p><br>
<p>Aappilattoq Island  is an island in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. It is one of two islands of the same name in the Upernavik Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Aappilattoq Island is located in the southern part of Upernavik Archipelago. It forms part of the chain of islands bounding Upernavik Icefjord from the south. The island is separated by inner waterways of Baffin Bay from the large Nutaarmiut Island in the southeast, from Nunaa Island in the south, and from Ammaussarsuaq Island in the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The highest point on the island is the 490 m Paattup Qaqqaa mountain in the central part of the island. The coastline of the island is complicated, with the island nearly in two rocky parts, with only a small isthmus joining the halves.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>The island is home to the Aappilattoq settlement of 180 people. The settlement is located on the northwestern tip of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Buchanan River is a river in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The river rises in the hills to the southern side of the Yackrkine Range and flows in a westerly direction then past Muggerrugging Rock then it turn to the south-west and discharges into the Arthur River of which it is a tributary between the towns of Piesseville and Wagin.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1835 by the Surveyor General John Septimus Roe, who named it after the London gentleman, Walter Buchanan, who had a strong connection with the fledgling Swan River Colony.</p><br>
<p>The rivers catchment falls within the Blackwood catchments Beaufort zone as part of the Dellyanine system. The system is composed of undulating rises and low hills on granite and was a wandoo sheoak woodland but has now mostly been cleared for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Lafayette, also known as the Lafayette Hotel, is a historic hotel building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History and features</h2><br>
<p>It is a seven story steel frame and concrete building designed in the French Renaissance style. It is composed of several rectangular building units completed between 1902 and 1926. It features decorative vitreous red brick and white terra cotta trim.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed by the firm of Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs, including noted architect Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856–1913), and built between 1902 and 1911. Additions from 1916–1917 and 1924–1926 were completed by Esenwein and Johnson. The lobby was decorated in 1942 in the Art Moderne style. In its prime, the Lafayette Hotel was considered one of the 15 finest hotels in the country. Besides elevators, every room featured hot and cold water and a telephone. A 97 m antenna is attached to the building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h3>2012 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 2012, the completion of a $35 million rehabilitation project restored the hotel to its original beauty. The hotel now contains 92 one & two bedroom apartments, 57 hotel rooms, several bars, restaurants and banquet facilities. The renovation was conducted by Buffalo property developer Rocco Termini, along with architect Jonathan Morris and his team at Carmina Wood Morris PC.</p><br>
<p>The John F. Kamman Building is a historic commercial building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It designed by Buffalo architect F.W. Caulkins and built in 1883. A four story brick building, it was designed in the Romanesque Renaissance style. The Kamman Building is located within the Hydraulics Neighborhood, Buffalo&#39;s oldest manufacturing district. A post office substation was located in the building starting in 1893. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>A 4-story building of "7-rank brick" and Medina sandstone it has a ground floor storefront featuring cast iron pilasters, a lion head ornament and a "The Kamman" sign above the door.</p><br>
<p>The property was owned by the Kamman family until 1916, when it was sold to the Larkin Company.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s location in the Hydraulics area was near the large livestock yards and rail lines booming in the nineteenth-century (Buffalo was second only to Chicago in the number of cattle and hogs it handled). German butchers such as the Kamman family (immigrants who arrived in the mid-1800s) established themselves. Henry Kamman ran a butcher shop at 573-575 Seneca Street and Jefferson Avenue while brother John F. Kamman purchased property in the 700 block of Seneca during the 1850s and early 1860s and built the J. F. Kamman Slaughterhouse including barns, processing buildings, and sheds. The family also lived on the property. The Kamman Building was constructed around 1886 by John F. Kamman at 755-757 Seneca Street. John H. Kamman (son of Henry) continued the trade and the John H. Kamman Company was built into one of the city’s largest meat markets and grocery store chains (including more than 30 stores). The Kamman Building at 757 Seneca Street was home to one of the markets in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Sangu River is a river in Myanmar and Bangladesh. Its source is in the North Arakan Hills of Myanmar, located at 21°13´N 92°37´E. The Arakan Hills form the boundary between Arakan and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It follows a northerly circuitous course in the hill tracts and then enters Bangladesh near Remarki, Thanchi Upazila, Bandarban District, from the east. It flows north through Thanchi, Rowangchhari and Bandarban Sadar Upazilas of Bandarban District. It then flows west through Satkania and Banshkhali Upazilas in Chittagong District and flows into the Bay of Bengal near Chittagong, at 22°6´N 91°51´E, or about 16.09 km south of the mouth of the Karnafuli River. The length of the river is 270 km; 173 km are located within Bangladesh.</p><br>
<p>The major tributaries of the river are the Chand Khali Nadi and Dolukhal. The Chand Khali Nadi flows through the Patiya Plains, and the Dolukhal River drains into the Satkania Plains. Another tributary is the Kumira Khali, which drains into the Kutubdia Channel. There are seven Bangladesh Water Management Board hydrometric stations on this river, which have been recording data since 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Sangu drains off the waters of Patiya, Satkania, and Banshkhali Upazilas. It has a connection with the Karnafuli River through the Chand Khali River. The Sangu is a shallow river, but it becomes violent during rains and develops rapid currents. It is navigable up to 48.27 km from the estuary. The Sangu gas field is located about 50 km southwest of Chittagong and reaches a depth of 10 meters at its mouth.</p><br>
<p>The Birch Lakes State Forest is a state forest located in Stearns County, Minnesota. One of the smallest Minnesota state forests, it is managed primarily for recreation by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Big Birch Lake, a 2,112 acre sand- and marl-bottomed lake, is accessible from the northeast corner of the forest. The forest is located in a transitory ecotone between the temperate deciduous forest to the northeast and the tallgrass prairie to the southwest, with the rolling terrain characteristic of the glacial activity in the area.</p><br>
<p>Outdoor recreation activities include boating, fishing, swimming in Big Birch Lake, as well as hunting, picnicking, and backcountry camping in the forest. Trails include 7 mi of hiking, 7 mi of mountain biking, and 4.1 mi for snowmobiling.</p><br>
<h2>Campground</h2><br>
<p>The Birch lakes State Forest Campground is considered a primitive campground. An individual site is $14, which consists of a cleared area, fire ring, and tables. In addition, a vault toilet, garbage cans, and drinking water is available.</p><br>
<p>The campground features 29 shaded campsites located near the Big Birch Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Aaron Ferrey House, also known as the Winan Snyder House, is a historic structure located at 5058 Sunnybrook Road in the southern part of Kent, Ohio, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1974. The house is an example of Carpenter Gothic architecture and a rare complete use of a design by early 19th century landscape designer and Gothic Revival advocate Andrew Jackson Downing. The design is a nearly-exact replica of Design III in Downing&#39;s 1850 book, The Architecture of Country Houses, with an upper porch included instead of an extra room. It is named for Aaron Ferrey, an early settler of the area who built the house in 1866 and also maintained a brickyard on the property until 1880. Ferrey was born in Massachusetts in 1808 and moved to Ohio in 1842 after his parents had come in 1831. He came to Kent in 1846 and his parents followed in 1850.</p><br>
<p>Spring Friends Meeting House is a historic Quaker meeting house located at Snow Camp, Alamance County, North Carolina. The fourth and current meeting house was built in 1907, and is a small rectangular frame one-story gable-front building. It features Gothic Revival style lancet windows and a short, plain rectangular cupola with pyramidal roof. Spring Friends Meeting is an active congregation of Quakers from the Alamance, Chatham, Orange, Guilford and Randolph County area of North Carolina. Members of the Religious Society of Friends first started "meeting at the spring" around 1761, with the congregation formally recognized by North Carolina Yearly Meeting in 1773. The adjacent contributing cemetery dates from the founding of the meeting, about 1761. It contains the graves of some of the earliest Quaker settlers in Alamance County, as well as the unmarked graves of</p><br>
<p>approximately 25 American Revolutionary War soldiers killed in the 1781 Battle of Lindley&#39;s Mill. The battle itself was waged around the meeting house, with governor Thomas Burke and other officials held prisoner in the original meeting house during the battle.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>St. Athanasius Episcopal Church and Parish House and the Church of the Holy Comforter is a historic Episcopal church complex located at 300 E. Webb Avenue and 320 E. Davis Street in Burlington, Alamance County, North Carolina. St. Athanasius Church is a small Carpenter Gothic chapel designed by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel and built in 1879-1880. Adjacent to St. Athanasius is the Parish House . In 1911, when the Neo-Gothic Revival style Church of the Holy Comforter was designed by Hobart Upjohn and built west of St. Athanasius. The Neo-Gothic Revival style Parish House was added in 1926. The Parish House addition and Great Hall were added in 1963. Between St Athanasius Church and Church of the Holy Comforter is a cemetery with graves dating to 1882.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
